Utilization of Microwave Energy for Bio-Oil Extraction from Bauhinia Variegata Seeds: A Short-Time Technology

Document Type : Research Article

Authors

1 University College of Engineering, BIT Campus, Anna University, Trichy – 620024, TN, INDIA

2 R&D Centre, Chennai Petroleum Corporation Limited (CPCL), Chennai – 600068, TN, INDIA

3 SSM Institute of Engineering and Technology, Dindugal – 624002, TN, INDIA

Abstract

The oil extraction from Bauhinia variegata seeds to produce biodiesel was performed using microwave-assisted extraction. About, 9 combinations of solvents were employed, and found that hexane-acetone (80:20 mL) gave a better yield, and the maximum bio-oil yield was found to be 29.03±0.61 % at the optimal condition of 9 min of processing time with a supply of 240 W and 12 mL/g of solvent volume. The presence of functional groups in the Bauhinia variegata seed oil was identified using FT-IR analysis and the fatty acid composition was analyzed using GC-FID. The results reveal a predominant fatty acid (C18:2) present in the group was linoleic (about 43.4%). From scanning electron microscopy analysis it was observed that the microwave treatment promoted rapid extraction of oil, as a structure of raw materials was ruptured. The physicochemical properties of the oil were determined as per ASTM D6751 and found that a free fatty acids value of less than one can be directly treated for the transesterification process. The results from this study suggest that MAE is an efficient and eco-friendly method to extract oil from Bauhinia variegata seeds in bio-diesel production.

Keywords

Main Subjects

References

[1] Lüneburger S., Gallina A.L., Soares L.C., Benvegnú D.M., Biodiesel Production from Hevea Brasiliensis Seed Oil, Fuel, 324, 124639 (2022).
[2] Chen H., W. Xia., Wang S., Biodiesel Production from Waste Cooking Oil Using a Waste Diaper Derived Heterogeneous Magnetic Catalyst,  Braz. J. Chem. Eng: 1-10 (2022).
[3] Sajjadi B., Raman A.A., Arandiyan H., A Comprehensive Review on Properties of Edible and Non-Edible Vegetable Oil-Based Biodiesel: Composition, Specifications and Prediction Models, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., 63: 62-92 (2016).
[4] Das S., Reshad A.S., Bhuyan N., Sut D., Tiwari P., Goud V.V., Kataki R., Utilization of Nonedible Oilseeds in a Biorefinery Approach with Special Emphasis on Rubber Seeds, Waste Biorefinery: 311-336 (2020).
[5] Yılgın M., Synergy During Pyrolysis of Lignite and Oil Plant Cake Blends, Iranian Journal of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering (IJCCE), 41(4):1381-1390 (2022).
[6] Ndukwu M.C., Onyeoziri C.I., African Oil Bean Seed as Feedstock for Bio-Oil and Biodiesel Production and on the Effects Of Thermal Pre-Treatments on the Quality of the Bio-Oil, Biomass Convers, Biorefin., (2020).
[7]. Feyzi M., Lorestani Zinatizadeh A., Nouri P., Jafari F., Catalytic Performance and Characterization of Promoted K-La/ZSM-5 Nanocatalyst for Biodiesel Production, Iranian Journal of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering (IJCCE), 37(2): 33-44 (2018).
[8] Woranuch W., Ngaosuwan K., Kiatkittipong W., Wongsawaeng D., Appamana W., Powell J., Assabumrungrat S., Fine-Tuned Fabrication Parameters of CaO Catalyst Pellets for Transesterification of Palm Oil to Biodiesel, Fuel, 323: 124356 (2022).
[9] Govindhan P., Karthikeyan M., Dharmendira Kumar M., Extraction of Bio-Oil from Non-Edible Novel Source Senna Occidentalis Seeds, Energy Sources A: Recovery Util. Environ. Eff., 39(14):1525-1531 (2017).
[10] Canencia C.D., Ano A.B.S., Gayas E.A.D., Response Surface Optimization of the Bio-Oil Yield from Jatropha Gossypiifolia L. Seeds Through Ultrasonic-Assisted Solvent Extraction, Biomass Conv. Bioref., (2021).
[11]. Negi A., Sharma N., Singh M.F., Spectrum of Pharmacological Activities from Bauhinia Variegata: A Review, J. Pharm. Res., 5(2):792-797 (2012).
[12] Kumar S., Baniwal P., Kaur J., Kumar H., Kachnar (Bauhinia variegata). In: Nayik G.A., Gull A. (eds) “Antioxidants in fruits: Properties and Health Benefits”, Springer, Singapore, 365-377 (2020).
[13] Arain S., Memon N., Rajput M.T., Sherazi S.T., Bhanger M.I., Mahesar S.A., Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Oil and Seed Residues of Bauhinia Variegata and Bauhinia Linnaei, Pak. J. Anal. Environ. Chem.,13(1): 6-11(2012).
[14] Zhong J., Wang Y., Yang R., Liu X., Yang Q., Qin X.., The Application of Ultrasound and Microwave to Increase Oil Extraction from Moringa Oleifera Seeds, Ind Crop Prod 120:1-10. (2018).
[15] Ibrahim N.A., Zaini M.A., Microwave-Assisted Solvent Extraction of Castor Oil from Castor Seeds, Chin. J. Chem. Eng., 26(12):2516-2522 (2018).
[16] Destandau E., Michel T., Elfakir C.,  Microwave-Assisted Extraction. Natural Product Extraction: Principles and Applications, RSC., 21:113 (2013).
[17] Hu B., Xi X, Li H., Qin Y., Li C., Zhang Z., Liu Y., Zhang Q., Liu A., Liu S., Luo Q., A Comparison of Extraction Yield, Quality and Thermal Properties from Sapindus Mukorossi Seed Oil between Microwave Assisted Extraction and Soxhlet Extraction, Ind. Crops Prod., 161:113185 (2021).
[18] Jeeva S., Sivakumar V., Optimization of Ultrasound-Assisted Solvent Extraction (UASE) Based on Oil Yield, Antioxidant Activity and Evaluation of Fatty Acid Composition and Thermal Stability of Coriandrum Sativum L. Seed Oil, Food Sci. Biotechnol., 28: 377–386 (2019).
[19] Yara-Varón E., Li Y., Balcells M., Canela-Garayoa R., Fabiano-Tixier A.S., Vegetable Oils as Alternative Solvents for Green Oleo-Extraction, Purification and Formulation of Food and Natural Products, Molecules., 22(9):1474 (2020).
[20] Azaroual L., Liazid A., Mansouri F.E., Brigui J., Ruíz-Rodriguez A., Barbero G.F., Palma M., Optimization of the Microwave-Assisted Extraction of Simple Phenolic Compounds from Grape Skins and Seeds, J. Agron.,11(8):1527 (2021).
[21] Ude C., Onukwuli D., Ugwu B., Okey-Onyesolu F., Ezidinma T., Ejikeme P., Methanolysis Optimization of Cottonseed Oil to Biodiesel Using Heterogeneous Catalysts, Iranian Journal of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering (IJCCE), 39(4): 355-370 (2020).
[22] Pham E.C., Le T.V., Le K.C., Ly H.H., Vo B.N., Van Nguyen D., Truong T.N., Optimization of Microwave-Assisted Biodiesel Production from Waste Catfish Using Response Surface Methodology, Energy Reports, 8: 5739-5752 (2022).
[23]. Anbarasi K., Sivakumar V., Jeeva S., Influence of Ultrasonic Waves and Conventional Extraction Methods on Phenolic Compound Yield and Phytochemical Composition from Punica Granatum L. Peel, Int. J. Food Eng., 17 (8): 643-654 (2021).
[24] Senrayan J., Venkatachalam S., A Short Extraction Time of Vegetable Oil from Carica Papaya L. Seeds Using Continuous Ultrasound Acoustic Cavitation: Analysis of Fatty Acid Profile and Thermal Behavior, J. Food Pro. Engg., 42(1): e12950 (2019).
[25] Veggi P.C, Martinez J., Meireles M.A.A., “Fundamentals of Microwave Extraction: Microwave-Assisted Extraction for Bioactive Compounds”, Food Engineering Series. Springer, Boston, MA. (2012).
[26] Thirugnanasambandham K., Shine K., Aziz H,  Gimenes M.L.,  Biodiesel Synthesis from Waste Oil Using Novel Microwave Technique: Response Surface Modeling and Optimization, Energy Sources A: Recovery Util. Environ. Eff., 39(7): 636-642 (2017).
[27] Amarni F., Kadi H., Kinetics Study of Microwave-Assisted Solvent Extraction of Oil from Olive Cake Using Hexane, Innov Food Sci Emerg Technol., 11(2):322-327 (2010).
[28] Sönmez Ö., Gözmen B., Çakır M.O., Cevik T.,  Response Surface Methodological Approach to Optimize Microwave-Assisted Extraction of Cayirhan Lignite, Energy Sources A: Recovery Util. Environ. Eff., 37(22): 2458-2466 (2015).
[29] Chen Q., Dong W., Wei C., Hu R., Long Y., Combining Integrated Ultrasonic-Microwave Technique with Ethanol to Maximise Extraction of Green Coffee Oil from Arabica Coffee Beans, Ind. Crops Prod.,151: 112405 (2020).
[30] Yusoff M., Zulkifli N.W., Sukiman N.L., Kalam M.A., Masjuki H.H., Syahir A.Z., Awang M.S.N., Mujtaba M.A., Milano J., Shamsuddin A.H., Microwave Irradiation-Assisted Transesterification of Ternary Oil Mixture of Waste Cooking Oil–Jatropha Curcas–Palm Oil: Optimization and Characterization, Alex. Eng. J., 61(12): 9569-9582 (2022).
[31] Senrayan J., Venkatachalam S., Ultrasonic Acoustic-Cavitation as a Novel and Emerging Energy Efficient Technique for Oil Extraction from Kapok Seeds, Innov. Food Sci. Emerg., 62: 102347 (2020).
[32] Jadhav A., Ahmed I., Baloch A.G., Utilization of Oil Palm Fronds for Bio-Oil and Bio-Char Production Using Hydrothermal Liquefaction Technology, Biomass Conv. Bioref., 11: 1465–1473 (2021).
[33] Santya G., Maheswaran T., Yee K.F., Optimization of Biodiesel Production from High Free Fatty Acid River Catfish Oil (Pangasius Hypothalamus) and Waste Cooking Oil Catalyzed by Waste Chicken Egg Shells Derived Catalyst, SN Appl. Sci.,1(2): 1-9 (2019).
[34] Gumaling R.P., Agusan J.R., Ellacer N.V., Optimized Bio-Oil Yield from Swietenia Macrophylla Seeds via Ultrasonic Cavitation through Response Surface Methodology, Energy Ecol. Environ., 3: 266–278 (2018).
[35] Palconite C.L., . Edrolin A.C., Lustre S.N., Manto A.A., Caballero J.R., Tizo M.S., Ido A.L., Arazo R.O., Optimization and Characterization of Bio-Oil Produced from Ricinus Communis Seeds via Ultrasonic-Assisted Solvent Extraction through Response Surface Methodology, Sus. Env. Res., 28(6): 444-453.
[36] Zaka S., Saleem M., Shakir N., Khan S.A., Fatty Acid Composition of Bauhinia Variegata and Bauhinia Malabarica Seed Oils‐Comparison of their Physico‐Chemical Properties, Fette. Seifen. Anstrichmittel., 85(4): 169-170 (1983).
[37] Yatish K.V., Lalithamba H.S., Suresh R., Harsha Hebbar H.R., Optimization of Bauhinia Variegata Biodiesel Production and its Performance, Combustion and Emission Study on Diesel Engine, Renew. Energy., 122: 561-575 (2018).
[38] Joven J.M., Gadian J.T., Perez M.A., Caingles J.G., Mansalaynon A.P., Ido A.L., Arazo R.O., Optimized Ultrasonic-Assisted Oil Extraction and Biodiesel Production from the Seeds of Maesopsis Eminii, Ind. Crops Prod., 155: 112772 (2020).
[39] Arumugam A., Yogalaksha P., Furhanashereen M., Statistical Optimization and Enhanced Synthesis of Polyhydroxyalkanoates from Ceiba Pendantra Oil as Novel Non-Edible Feedstock, Biomass Conv Bioref., (2020).
 [40 Bagi E., Baseri H., Pyrolysis of Ligustrum Vulgare Waste and the Effects of Various Operating Parameters on Bio-Oil Upgrading, Biomass Conv. Bioref., (2021).
[41]. Deeba F., Kumar B., Arora N., Singh S., Kumar A., Han S.S., Negi Y.S., Novel Bio-Based Solid Acid Catalyst Derived from Waste Yeast Residue for Biodiesel Production, Renew. Energ., 159: 127-139 (2020).
Iranian Journal of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
Volume 42, Issue 8 - Serial Number 130
August 2023
Pages 2655-2665

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics