Eco-Friendly Remediation of Adsorbed Chlorsulfuron Herbicide via Walnut Shells Derived Activated Carbon

Document Type : Research Article

Author

Department of Environmental Sciences, Fatima Jinnah Women University, The Mall, 46000, Rawalpindi, PAKISTAN

Abstract

Chlorsulfuron (1-(2-chlorophenyl) sulfonyl-3(4-methoxy-6-methyle-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)) is the primary commercialized sulfonylurea weedicide aimed at combating several leafy weeds for the protection of many bowls of cereal and potato crops. It is used a pre as well as a post-emergent weedicide. Due to its organic ringed structure, it poses serious environmental degradation, particularly in the lithospheric compartment. The present investigation has analyzed its adsorptive interactions with soils inherently composed of unique physicochemical attributes. In a batch equilibrium experiment, sample 2 expressed the highest adsorption coefficient Kd(ads) with overall adsorption spanning over a range of 6.78 to 39.85 µg/mL. Adsorptive capacity analysis via Linear and Freundlich models yielded R2 > 0.8 indicative of best fitting of these models to Chlorsulfuron adsorption. Statistical analysis showed a negative correlation between soil pH and Kd(ads) (R2= -0.85) and a positive correlation with organic matter (R2= 0.96). The data was further analyzed by univariate ANOVA and its accuracy was checked through residual plots. Furthermore, the adsorbed Chlorsulfuron was remediated via the green method by utilization of walnut shells derived activated carbon in varying concentrations of 5 ppm and 7.5 ppm of Chlorsulfuron. The highest removal in 5 ppm was observed in soil 9 (85%) while in 7 ppm highest removal was observed in soil 2 (91%). Current investigation not only explored the adsorptive pattern of Chlorsulfuron but also developed a non-toxic, ecofriendly, pragmatic, and economical adsorbent for its removal.

Keywords

Main Subjects


[1] Wang B., Kong D., Lu J., Zhou Q., Transformation of Sulfonylurea Herbicides in Simulated Drinking Water Treatment Processes, Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res (ESPR), 22(5): 3847-3855 (2015).
[2] Alesso M., Escudero L. A., Talio M. C., Fernández L.P., Monitoring of Chlorsulfuron in Biological Fluids and Water Samples by Molecular Fluorescence Using Rhodamine B as Fluorophore, Talanta, 160: 431-436 (2016).
[4] Acebal C. C., Grünhut M., Llamas N. E., Insausti M., Zelená L., Sklenářová H., and Band B. S. F.,
An Integrated on-Line Method for the Preconcentration and Simultaneous Determination of Metsulfuron Methyl and Chlorsulfuron Using Oxidized Carbon Nanotubes and Second-Order Fluorescent Data, Microchem. J (MJ), 129: 90-97 (2016).
[5] Choe M., Choe W., Lee I., Wu M., Liu S., Computational Analysis of Mutated AHAS in Response to Sulfonylurea Herbicides, Weed. Res (WS), 55(4): 359-369 (2015).
[6] Fenoll J., Hellín P., Flores P., Martínez C. M., Navarro S. Photocatalytic Degradation of Five Sulfonylurea Herbicides in Aqueous Semiconductor Suspensions under Natural Sunlight, Chemosphere, 87(8): 954-961(2012).
[8] de Lafontaine Y., Beauvais C., Cessna A. J., Gagnon P., Hudon C., Poissant L., Sulfonylurea Herbicides
in an Agricultural Catchment Basin and Its Adjacent Wetland in the St. Lawrence River Basin
, Sci. Total Environ (STE), 479: 1-10 (2014).
[9] Azcarate M. P., Montoya J. C., and Koskinen W. C., Sorption, Desorption and Leaching Potential of Sulfonylurea Herbicides in Argentinean Soils, J. Environ. Health. Sci. (JEHS), Part B, 50(4): 229-237 (2015).
[10] Ahmad K.S., Rashid N., Nazar M. F., Tazaiyen S., Adsorption and Desorption Characteristic of Benzimidazole-Based Fungicide Carbendazim in Pakistani Soils, J. Chem. Soc. Pak. (JCSP), 34(3): 1017-1024 (2013).
[11] Cao X., Song, H.L., Yu C.Y., Li X.N., Simultaneous Degradation of Toxic Refractory Organic Pesticide and Bioelectricity Generation Using a Soil Microbial Fuel Cell, Biores. Technol (JBT), 189: 87-93 (2015).
[12] dos Santos E.V., Souza F., Saez C., Cañizares P., Lanza M.R.V., Martinez-Huitle C.A., Rodrigo M.A., Application of Electrokinetic Soil Flushing to Four Herbicides: A Comparison, Chemosphere, 153:
205-211 (2016).
[13] Ahmad K.S., Investigating the Impact of Soils’ Physiochemical Composition on Chlorsulfuron Pedospheric Sorption, Studia Universitatis Babes-Bolyai, Chemia, 62(1): 165-174 (2017).
[14] Afolabi T.J., Alade A.O. Jimoh M.O., Fashola I.O., Heavy Metal Ions Adsorption from Dairy Industrial Wastewater Using Activated Carbon from Milk Bush Kernel Shell, Desalin. Water Treat. 57(31), 14565-14577 (2016).
[15] Song, Y., Liu, Y., Chen, S., Qin, H., and Xu, H., Carmine Adsorption from Aqueous Solution by Crosslinked Peanut Husk, Iran. J. Chem. Chem. Eng. (IJCCE), 33(4): 69-77 (2014).
[16] Bouhamed F., Elouear Z., Bouzid J., and Ouddane B., Multi-Component Adsorption of Copper, Nickel and Zinc from Aqueous Solutions onto Activated Carbon Prepared from Date Stones, Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res (ESPR)  23(16), 15801-15806 (2016).
[17] Ishaq, M., Javed, F., Amad, I., Ullah, H., Hadi, F., Sultan, S.., Adsorption of Crystal Violet Dye from Aqueous Solutions onto Low-Cost Untreated and NaOH Treated Almond Shell, Iran. J. Chem. Chem. Eng.(IJCCE), 35(2): 97-106 (2016).
[18] Sizmur T., Quilliam R., Puga A. P., Moreno-Jiménez E., Beesley L., Gomez-Eyles J. L., Application of Biochar for Soil Remediation. Agric. Environ. App. Biochar Adv. Barrier. (sssaspecpub63): 295-324 (2016).
[19] Eluke, L., Ajiwe, V., Akpomie, K., Alisa, C.  Attenuation Kinetics and Desorption Performance of Artocarpus Altilis Seed Husk for Co (II), Pb (II) and Zn (II) Ions, Iran. J. Chem. Chem. Eng., 37(3): 171-186 (2018).
[21] Tao H. C., Zhang H.R., Li J.B., Ding W.Y., Biomass-Based Activated Carbon Obtained from Sludge and Sugarcane Bagasse for Removing Lead Ion from Wastewater, Biores. Techno. (BT), 192: 611-617 (2015).
[22] Nazari G., Abolghasemi H., Esmaieli M., Batch Adsorption of Cephalexin Antibiotic from Aqueous Solution by Walnut Shell-Based Activated Carbon, J. Tai. Inst. Chem. Eng. (JTICE), 58: 357-365(2016).
[24] Wu C., Zhang, S., Nie G., Zhang Z., & Wang J., Adsorption and Desorption of Herbicide Monosulfuron-Ester in Chinese Soils, J. Environ. Sci. (JES), 23(9): 1524-1532 (2011).
[25] Khan M.A., Shirazi M.U., Khan M.A., Mujtaba S.M., Islam E., Mumtaz S., Shereen A., Ansari R.U., Ashraf M.Y., Role of Proline, K/Na Ratio and Chlorophyll Content in Salt Tolerance of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Pak. J. Bot. 41(2): 633-638 (2009).
[26] Powlson D.S., Smith P., Smith J.U. (Eds.), “Evaluation of Soil Organic Matter Models: Using Existing Long-Term Datasets” (Vol. 38). Springer Science & Business Media (2013).
[27] Peralta R.M., Ahn C., Gillevet P.M., Characterization of Soil Bacterial Community Structure and Physicochemical Properties in Created and Natural Wetlands. Sci. Total Environ., 443: 725-732 (2013).
[28] Kazmi D., Qasim S., Siddiqui F. I., Azhar S.B., Exploring the Relationship between Moisture Content and Electrical Resistivity for Sandy and Silty Soils. Int. J. Eng. Sci. Inv. 5(7): 42 (2016).
[29] Bauder T.A., Waskom R.M., Sutherland P.L., Davis, J.G., Follett R.H., Soltanpour P.N., “Irrigation Water Quality Criteria”, Service in Action; no. 0.506 (2011).
[30] Santhi T., Manonmani S., Smitha, T. (2010). Kinetics and Isotherm Studies on Cationic Dyes Adsorption onto Annona Squmosa Seed Activated Carbon, Int. J. Eng. Sci. Technol, (JEST), 2(3): 287-295 (2011).
[31] Liu Y., Xu Z., Wu X., Gui W., and Zhu G., Adsorption and Desorption Behavior of Herbicide Diuron on Various Chinese Cultivated Soils, J. Hazard. Mater. (JHM), 178(1): 462-468 (2010).
[32] El-Nahhal Y., Hamdona N., Adsorption, Leaching and Phytotoxicity of Some Herbicides as Single and Mixtures to Some CropsJ. Assoc. Arab. Uni. Basic. Appl. Sci. (JAUBA), 22: 17-25 (2017).
[33] Tahir M., Hassan A.U., Maqbool S., Barber B., Koskinen W.C., Xinhua P.E.N.G., Mulla D.J., Sorption and Leaching Potential of Isoproturon and Atrazine in Low Organic Carbon Soil of Pakistan under a Wheat-Maize Rotation, Pedosphere, 26(5): 687-698 (2016).
[35] McCall P.J., Swann R.L., Laskowski D.A., Unger S.M., Vrona S.A., Dishburger H.J., Estimation of Chemical Mobility in Soil from Liquid Chromatographic Retention Times, Bullt. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. (BECT), 24(1): 190-195 (1980).