Extraction and Physicochemical Characterization of Chitosan from Litopenaeus vannamei Shells

Document Type : Research Article

Authors

1 Department of Food Science, Sari University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, P.O. Box 578 Sari, I.R. IRAN

2 Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Shomal University, Amol, P.O. Box 731, Mazandaran, I.R. IRAN

3 Faculty of Engineering Modern Technologies, Amol University of Special Modern Technology, Amol, Mazandaran, I.R. IRAN

4 Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Babol University of Technology, P.O. Box, 484, Babol, I.R. IRAN

Abstract

The chitosan was extracted from a whiteleg shrimp shell (Litopenaeus vannamei (by the deacetylation of chitin, which is carried out using 45% NaOH at 110 ºC for 6 h. The prepared chitosan was characterized by using the Fourier Transform InfraRed (FT-IR) spectroscopy, X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDXS), and ThermoGravimetric Analysis (TGA). The physicochemical property of this extracted polysaccharide, including the degree of deacetylation, apparent viscosity, molecular weight, Water Binding Capacity (WBC), and Fat Binding Capacity (FBC) from whiteleg shrimp shell was evaluated. The current study contrasted the characteristics of chitosan with the commercial type. Accordingly, to obtain the degree of deacetylation, the titration method and elemental analysis were considered, while the viscometric methods were used to achieve the molecular weight. The SPSS software was used for the analysis of the obtained data. Based on the comparison between the studied chitosan and commercial one, some behaviors were observed, including increased deacetylation and viscosity, decreased molecular weight, and higher water and fat binding capacities. The degree of deacetylation was determined as 86% for the titration method and 83% for elemental analysis. WBC and FBC of chitosan from shrimp were reported as 673.58 and 491.32, showing that all chitosan properties experienced a good improvement compared with the commercial type.

Keywords

Main Subjects

References

[1] Badawy M.E.I., Rabea E.I., A Biopolymer Chitosan and Its Derivatives as Promising Antimicrobial Agents against Plant Pathogens and Their Applications in Crop Protection, International Journal of Carbohydrate Chemistry, 2011 (2011).
[2] Nithya A., Jothivenkatachalam K., Prabhu S., Jeganathan K., Chitosan Based Nanocomposite Materials as Photocatalyst – A Review, Materials Science Forum, 781: 79-94 (2014).
[3] Aneesh P.A., Anandan R., Kumar L.R.G., Ajeeshkumar K.K., Kumar K.A., Mathew S., A Step To Shell Biorefinery—Extraction of Astaxanthin-Rich Oil, Protein, Chitin, and Chitosan From Shrimp Processing Waste, Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery,     :      -       (2020).
[4] Kerton F.M., Yan N., Overview of Ocean and Aquatic Sources for the Production of Chemicals and Materials, in:  "Fuels, Chemicals and Materials from the Oceans and Aquatic Sources",  pp. 1-17 (2017).
[5]   Zargar V., Asghari M., Dashti A., A Review on Chitin and Chitosan Polymers: Structure, Chemistry, Solubility, Derivatives, and Applications, Chem. Bio. Eng. Reviews, 2: 204-226 (2015).
[6] Davarnejad R., Karimi Dastnayi Z., Cd (II) Removal from Aqueous Solutions by Adsorption on Henna and Henna with Chitosan Microparticles Using Response Surface Methodology, Iranian Journal of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering (IJCCE), 38: 267-281 (2019).
[7] Rajaei A., Shahbazi N., Tabatabaei M., Mohsenifar A., Bodaghi H., Impact of Chitosan-Capric Acid Nanogels Incorporating Thyme Essential Oil on Stability of Pomegranate Seed Oil-In-Water Pickering Emulsion, Iranian Journal of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering (IJCCE), 40(6): 1737-1748 (2020).
[8] Kean T., Thanou M., Chapter 10 Chitin and Chitosan: Sources, Production and Medical Applications, in:  Renewable Resources for Functional Polymers and Biomaterials: Polysaccharides, Proteins and Polyesters, The Royal Society of Chemistry,  292-318 (2011).
[9] Morin-Crini N., Lichtfouse E., Torri G., Crini G., Applications of Chitosan in Food, Pharmaceuticals, Medicine, Cosmetics, Agriculture, Textiles, Pulp and Paper, Biotechnology, and Environmental Chemistry, Environmental Chemistry Letters, 17: 1667-1692 (2019).
[10] Kaya M., Porous and Nanofiber α-chitosan Obtained from Blue Crab (Callinectes sapidus) Tested for Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities, Lebensmittel-Wissenschaft + [i.e. und] Technologie, 65J pp. 1109-1117-2016 v.1165 (2016).
[11] Qavami N., Badi H.N., Mehregan M., Tavakoli M., Mehrafarin A., Overview on Chitosan as a Valuable Ingredient and Biostimulant in Pharmaceutical Industries and Agricultural Products, Trakia Journal of Sciences, 15: 83-91 (2017).
[12] W. Yue, H. Zhang, S. Xie, Y. Wei, P. Du, J. Gou, Decolorization of Brown Chitooligomers in Aqueous Solution by Ozonation, Ozone: Science & Engineering, 37: 489-494 (2015).
[13] Ahmadi F., Oveisi Z., Samani S.M., Amoozgar Z., Chitosan Based Hydrogels: Characteristics and Pharmaceutical Applications, Res. Pharm. Sci., 10: 1-16 (2015).
[14] Lizardi-Mendoza J., Argüelles Monal W.M., Goycoolea Valencia F.M., Chapter 1 - Chemical Characteristics and Functional Properties of Chitosan, in: S. Bautista-Baños, G. Romanazzi, A. Jiménez-Aparicio (Eds.) Chitosan in the Preservation of Agricultural Commodities, Academic Press, San Diego, pp. 3-31 (2016).
[15] Choi C., Nam J.-P., Nah J.-W., Application of Chitosan and Chitosan Derivatives as Biomaterials, Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 33: 1-10 (2016).
[16] Hu X., Tian Z., Li X., Wang S., Pei H., Sun H., Zhang Z., Green, Simple, and Effective Process for the Comprehensive Utilization of Shrimp Shell Waste, ACS Omega, 5: 19227-19235(2020).
[17] Sagheer F.A.A., Al-Sughayer M.A., Muslim S., Elsabee M.Z., Extraction And Characterization of Chitin and Chitosan From Marine Sources in Arabian Gulf, Carbohydrate Polymers, 77: 410-419 (2009).
[18] Kucukgulmez A., Celik M., Yanar Y., Sen D., Polat H., Kadak A.E., Physicochemical Characterization of Chitosan Extracted from Metapenaeus Stebbingi Shells, Food Chem., 126: 1144-1148(2011).
[19] Zhou P., Regenstein J.M., Effects of Alkaline and Acid Pretreatments on Alaska Pollock Skin Gelatin Extraction, Journal of Food Science, 70: c392-c396 (2005).
[20] Al Sagheer F., Al-Sughayer M., Muslim S., Elsabee M.Z., Extraction and Characterization of Chitin and Chitosan from Marine Sources in Arabian Gulf, Carbohydr. Polym., 77: 410-419 (2009).
[21] Palpandi C., Shanmugam V., Shanmugam A., Extraction of Chitin and Chitosan from Shell and Operculum of Mangrove Gastropod Nerita (Dostia) Crepidularia Lamarck, in, (2009).
[22] Heidari F., Razavi M., Bahrololoom M.E., Tahriri M., Rasoulianboroujeni M., Koturi H., Tayebi L., Preparation of Natural Chitosan from Shrimp Shell with Different Deacetylation Degree, Materials Research Innovations, 22: 177-181 (2018).
[23] Knipe H., Temperton B., Lange A., Bass D., Tyler C.R., Probiotics and Competitive Exclusion of Pathogens in Shrimp Aquaculture, Reviews in Aquaculture, 13: 324-352 (2021).
[24] Maghsoudloo T., Marammazi J.G., Matinfar A., Kazemian M., Paghe E., Effects of Different Levels of Energy and Protein Sources on the Growth Performance, Feeding, Survival Rate and the Chemical Body Composition of Juvenile Pacific White Shrimp, IFRO, 11: 531-547 (2012).
[25] Naghizadeh A., Ghafouri M., Synthesis of Low-Cost Nanochitosan from Persian Gulf Shrimp Shell for Efficient Removal of Reactive Blue 29 (RB29) Dye from Aqueous Solution, Iranian Journal of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering (IJCCE), 38: 93-103 (2019).
[26] Masoudi F., Kamranifar M., Naghizadeh A., The efficiency of Chitosan Extracted from Persian Gulf Shrimp Shell in Removal of Penicillin G Antibiotic from Aqueous Environment, Iranian Journal of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering (IJCCE), 39: 235-244 (2020).
[27] García M.A., Pinotti A., Martino M., Zaritzky N., Electrically Treated Composite FILMS Based on Chitosan and Methylcellulose Blends, Food Hydrocolloids, 23: 722-728 (2009).
[28] Kong X., Simultaneous Determination of Degree of Deacetylation, Degree of Substitution and Distribution Fraction of –COONa in Carboxymethyl Chitosan by Potentiometric Titration, Carbohydrate Polymers, 88: 336-341 (2012).
[29] Weißpflog J., Vehlow D., Müller M., Kohn B., Scheler U., Boye S., Schwarz S., Characterization of Chitosan with Different Degree of Deacetylation and Equal Viscosity In Dissolved And Solid State - Insights by Various Complimentary Methods, International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 171: 242-261 (2021).
[30] Lai L.-S., Yang D.-H., Rheological Properties Of The Hot-Water Extracted Polysaccharides in Ling-Zhi (Ganoderma lucidum), Food Hydrocolloids, 21: 739-746 (2007).
[31] Marie E., Rotureau E., Dellacherie E., Durand A., From Polymeric Surfactants to Colloidal Systems: 4. Neutral and Anionic Amphiphilic Polysaccharides for Miniemulsion Stabilization and Polymerization, Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 308: 25-32 (2007).
[32] Arvidson S.A., Rinehart B.T., Gadala-Maria F., Concentration Regimes of Solutions of Levan Polysaccharide from Bacillus sp, Carbohydrate Polymers, 65: 144-149 (2006).
[33] Hojilla-Evangelista M.P., Selling G.W., Hatfield R., Digman M., Extraction, Composition, and Functional Properties of Dried Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) Leaf Protein, Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 97: 882-888 (2017).
[34] Giorgi G., Ceraulo L., Berden G., Oomens J., Liveri V.T., Gas Phase Infrared Multiple Photon Dissociation Spectra of Positively Charged Sodium Bis(2-ethylhexyl)Sulfosuccinate Reverse Micelle-Like Aggregates, The Journal of Physical Chemistry. B, 115: 2282-2286 (2011).
[35] Q. Li, S. Weng, J. Wu, N. Zhou, Comparative Study on Structure of Solubilized Water in Reversed Micelles. 1. FT-IR Spectroscopic Evidence of Water/AOT/n-Heptane and Water/NaDEHP/n-heptane Systems, The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 102: 3168-3174 (1998).
[36] Eddya M., Tbib B., El-Hami K., A Comparison of Chitosan Properties after Extraction from Shrimp Shells by Diluted and Concentrated Acids, Heliyon, 6: e03486 (2020).
[37] Yen M.-T., Yang J.-H., Mau J.-L., Physicochemical Characterization of Chitin and Chitosan from Crab Shells, Carbohydrate Polymers, 75: 15-21 (2009).
[38] Sarwar A., Katas H., Samsudin S.N., Zin N.M., Regioselective Sequential Modification of Chitosan via Azide-Alkyne Click Reaction: Synthesis, Characterization, and Antimicrobial Activity of Chitosan Derivatives and Nanoparticles, PLOS ONE, 10: e0123084 (2015).
[39] Gbenebor O.P., Adeosun S.O., Lawal G.I., Jun S., Olaleye S.A., Acetylation, Crystalline and Morphological Properties of Structural Polysaccharide from Shrimp Exoskeleton, Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal, 20: 1155-1165 (2017).
[40] Andrade S., Ladchumananandasivam R., Rocha B.G.d., Belarmino D., Galvão A.O.J.M.S., The Use of Exoskeletons of Shrimp (Litopenaeus vanammei) and Crab (Ucides cordatus) for the Extraction of Chitosan and Production of Nanomembrane, Materials Sciences and Applications 3(7): 495-508 (2012).
[41] Hou J., Aydemir B.E., Dumanli A.G., Understanding the Structural Diversity of Chitins as a Versatile Biomaterial, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, 379: 20200331 (2021).
Iranian Journal of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
Volume 41, Issue 10 - Serial Number 120
October 2022
Pages 3441-3450

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics