Advancements of Electrochemical Removal of o-Methylphenol from Aqueous Using BDD Anode Compared to Pt One: Kinetics and Mechanism Determination

Document Type : Research Article

Authors

1 Laboratory for the Application of Materials to the Environment, Water and Energy (LR21ES15), Faculty of Sciences of Gafsa, University of Gafsa, TUNISIA

2 Faculty of Sciences of Gafsa, University of Gafsa, TUNISIA

3 Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, College of Engineering, Civil Engineering Department, BP 655, Al-Kharj, 11942, SAUDI ARABIA

4 Organic Chemistry Laboratory (LR17ES08), Faculty of Sciences of Sfax, University of Sfax, TUNISIA

Abstract

The oxidation of 216 mg/L o-methylphenol was studied in an acidic aqueous solution using Boron-Doped Diamond (BDD) and platinum (Pt) anodes. o-methylphenol was oxidized by hydroxyl radicals generated on the anode used, however, there was a significant distinction betwixt the BDD and Pt anodes in the effectiveness and accomplishment of electrochemical degradation. o-methylphenol was rapidly mineralized at the BDD anode, but its degradation was much slower at the Pt anode with a Total Organic Carbon (TOC) removal of 98% and 65% for BDD and Pt anodes, respectively. Using BDD anode, 3-methylcatechol, methylhydroquinone, and maleic, fumaric, pyruvic, formic, glyoxylic, succinic, oxalic, and acetic acids were detected. But, there was a formation of dark-colored polymeric compounds and precipitates in the solutions electrolyzed by the Pt anode, which was not observed for the BDD cells.

Keywords

Main Subjects


[1] Daughton C.G., Ternes T.A., Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products in the Environment: Agents of Subtle Change, Environ. Health Perspect., 107: 907–938 (1999)
[2] De Sousa Ribeiro L.A., Thim G.P., Alvarez-Mendez M.O., dos Reis Coutinho A., de Moraes N.P., Rodrigues L.A., Preparation, Characterization, and Application of Low-Cost Açaı Seed Based Activated Carbon for Phenol Adsorption, Int. J. Environ. Res., 12:755–764 (2018)
[4] Escudero C.J., Iglesias O., Dominguez S., Rivero M.J., Ortiz I., Performance of Electrochemical Oxidation and Photocatalysis in Terms of Kinetics and Energy Consumption. New Insights into the P-Cresol Degradation, J. Environ. Manag., 195:117–124 (2017).
[7] Sanders J.M., Bucher J.R., Peckham J.C., Kissling G.E., Hejtmancik M.R., Chhabra R.S., Carcinogenesis Studies of Cresols in Rats and Mice, Toxicology, 257: 33–39 (2009).
[8] Flox C., Arias C., Brillas E., Savall A., Serrano K.G., Electrochemical Incineration of Cresols: A Comparative Study Between PbO2 and Boron-Doped Diamond Anodes, Chemosphere, 74: 1340–1347 (2009).
[9] Chen H.W., Ku Y., Irawan A., Photodecomposition of o-cresol by UV-LED/TiO2 Process with Controlled Periodic Illumination, Chemosphere, 69: 184–190 (2007).
[10] Nguyen A.T., Hsieh C.T., Juang R.S., Substituent Effects on Photo Degradation of Phenols In Binary Mixtures by Hybrid H2O2 and TiO2 Suspensions Under UV Irradiation, J. Taiwan Inst. Chem. E, 62: 68–75 (2016).
[11] Kavitha V., Palanivelu K., Destruction of Cresols by Fenton Oxidation Process, Water Res., 39: 3062–3072 (2005).
[12] Coria G., Sires I., Brillas E., Nava J.L., Influence of the Anode Material on the Degradation of Naproxen by Fenton-Based Electrochemical Processes, Chem. Eng. J., 304: 817–825 (2016).
[13] El-Ghenymy A., Rodriguez R.M., Arias C., Centellas F., Garrido J.A., Cabot P.L., Brillas E., Electro-Fenton and Photoelectro-Fenton Degradation of the Antimicrobial Sulfamethazine Using A Boron-Doped Diamond Anode and an Air-Diffusion Cathode, J. Electroanal. Chem. 701: 7–13 (2013).
[14] Flox C., Cabot P.L., Centellas F., Garrido J.A., Rodriguez R.M., Arias C., Brillas E., Solar Photoelectro-Fenton Degradation of Cresols Using a Flow Reactor with a Boron-Doped Diamond Anode, Appl. Catal. B Environ., 75: 17–28 (2007).
[15] Garcia-Segura S., Cavalcanti E.B., Brillas E., Mineralization of the Antibiotic Chloramphenicol by Solar Photoelectro-Fenton from Stirred Tank Reactor to Solar Pre-Pilot Plant, Appl. Catal. B Environ. 144: 588–598 (2014).
[17] Valsania M.C., Fasano F., Richardson S.D., Vincenti M., Investigation of the Degradation of Cresols in the Treatments with Ozone, Water Res., 46: 2795–2804 (2012).
[19] Rajkumar D., Palanivelu K., Electrochemical Degradation of Cresols for Wastewater Treatment, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.,42:1833–1839 (2003).
[20] Zazou H., Oturan N., Sonmez-Celebi M., Hamdani M., Oturan M.A., Mineralization of Chlorobenzene in Aqueous Medium by Anodic Oxidation and Electro-Fenton Processes Using Pt or BDD Anode And Carbon Felt Cathode, J. Electroanal. Chem., 774: 22–30 (2016).
[21] Duan X., Ma F., Yuan Z., Chang L., Jin X., Electrochemical Degradation of Phenol in Aqueous Solution Using PbO2 Anode, J. Taiwan Inst. Chem. Eng., 44: 95–102 (2013).
[22] Ghalwa N.A., Hamada M., Abu Shawish H.M., Shubair O., Electrochemical Degradation of Linuron in Aqueous Solution Using Pb/PbO2 and C/PbO2 Electrodes, Arab. J. Chem., 9: S821–S828 (2016)
[23] He Y., Huang W., Chen R., Zhang W., Lin H., Li H., Anodic Oxidation of Aspirin on PbO2, BDD and Porous Ti/BDD Electrodes: Mechanism, Kinetics and Utilization Rate, Sep. Purif. Technol., 156: 124–131 (2015).
[24] He Y., Wang X., Huang W., Chen R., Zhang W., Li H., Lin H., Hydrophobic Networked PbO2Electrode for Electrochemical Oxidation of Paracetamol Drug and Degradation Mechanism Kinetics, Chemosphere 193: 89–99 (2018)
[25] He Y., Lin H., Guo Z., Zhang W., Li H., Huang W., Recent Developments and Advances in Boron-Doped Diamond Electrodes for Electrochemical Oxidation of Organic Pollutants, Sep. Purif. Technol., 212: 802–821 (2019)
[26] Bagastyo A.Y., Batstone D.J., Rabaey K., Radjenovic J., Electrochemical Oxidation of Electrodialysed Reverse Osmosis Concentrate on Ti/Pt-IrO2, Ti/SnO2-Sb and Boron-Doped Diamond Electrodes, Water Res., 47: 242–250 (2013)
[27]    Palma-Goyes R.E., Vazquez-Arenas J., Torres-Palma R.A., Ostos C., Ferraro F., Gonzalez I., The Abatement of Indigo Carmine Using Active Chlorine Electrogenerated on Ternary Sb2O5-Doped Ti/RuO2-ZrO2Anodes in a Filter-Press FM01-LC Reactor, Electrochim. Acta, 174: 735–744 (2015)
[28] Zhu Q., Hu H., Li G., Zhu C., Yu Y., TiO2 nanotube Arrays Rafted with MnO2Nanosheets as High-Performance Anode for Lithium Ion Battery. Electrochim. Acta 156: 252–260 (2015)
[30] Da Silva S.W., Navarro E.M.O., Rodrigues M.A.S., Bernardes A.M., Pérez-Herranz V., Using p-Si/BDD Anode for the Electrochemical Oxidation of Norfloxacin, J. Electroanal. Chem., 832: 112–120 (2019)
[31] Rabaaoui N., Saad M.K., Moussaoui Y., Allagui M.S., Bedoui A., Elaloui E., Anodic Oxidation of
O-Nitrophenol On BDD Electrode: Variable Effects And Mechanisms Of Degradation
. J. Hazard. Mater. 250-251: 447–453 (2013)
[32] Rabaaoui N., Moussaoui Y., Allagui M.S., Bedoui A., Elaloui E., Anodic Oxidation of Nitrobenzene
on BDD Electrode: Variable Effects and Mechanisms of Degradation
, Sep. Purif. Technol., 107: 318–323 (2013)
[33] Saad M.K., Rabaaoui N., Elaloui E., Moussaoui Y., Mineralization of p-Methylphenol in Aqueous Medium by Anodic Oxidation with a Boron-Doped Diamond Electrode, Sep. Purif. Technol., 171: 157–163 (2016)
[34] Pleskov Y.V., Sakharova A.Y., Krotova M.D., Builov L.L., Spitsyn B.V., Photo- Electrochemical Properties of Semiconductor Diamond, J. Electroanal. Chem., 228: 19–27 (1987)
[35] Brillas E., Thiam A., Garcia-Segura S., Incineration of Acidic Aqueous Solutions of Dopamine by Electrochemical Advanced Oxidation Processes with Pt and BDD Anodes, J. Electroanal. Chem., 775: 189–197 (2016).
[36] Vatistas N., Electrocatalytic Properties of BDD Anodes: It’s Loosely Adsorbed Hydroxyl Radicals. Inter. J. Electrochem. 7: 507–516 (2012)
[37] Brinzila C.I., Pacheco M.J., Ciriaco L., Ciobanu R.C., Lopes A., Electro degradation of tetracycline on BDD anode. Chem. Eng. J. 209: 54–61 (2012)
[38] Ignaczak A., Santos E., Schmickler W., da Costa T.F., Oxidation of Oxalic Acid on Boron-Doped Diamond Electrode in Acidic Solutions, J. Electroanal. Chem., 819: 410–416 (2018)
[39] Sourour C.E., Marco P., Giacoma C., Veratric Acid Treatment by Anodic Oxidation with BDD Anode, J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol., 87: 381–386 (2012)
[41] Dominguez C.M., Oturan N., Romero A., Santos A., Oturan M.A., LindaneDegradation by Electrooxidation Process: Effect of Electrode Materials on Oxidation and Mineralization Kinetics, Water Res. 135: 220–230 (2018).
[42] Orbay O., Gao S., Barbaris B., Rupp E., Saez E., Arnold R.G., Betterton E.A., Catalytic Dechlorination of Gas-Phase Perchloroethylene under Mixed Redox Conditions, Appl. Catal. B, 79: 43–52 (2008)
[43] Shafiei M., Richardson J.T., Dechlorination of Chlorinated Hydrocarbons by Catalytic Steam Reforming, Appl. Catal. B, 54: 251–259 (2004)
[44] Bogdanowicz R., Fabianska A., Golunski L., Sobaszek M., Gnyba M., Ryl J., Darowicki K., Ossowski T., Janssens S.D., Haenen K., Siedlecka E.M., Influence of the Boron Doping Level on the Electrochemical Oxidation of the Azo Dyes at Si/BDD Thin Film Electrodes, Diam. Relat. Mater. 39: 82–88 (2013)
[46] Sakkas V.A., Islam M.A., Stalikas C., Albanis T.A., Photocatalytic Degradation Using Design of Experiments: A Review And Example of the Congo Red Degradation, J. Hazard. Mater., 175: 33–44 (2010)
[47] Ilzarbe, L., Álvarez M.J., Viles E., Tanco M., Practical Applications of Design of Experiments in the Field of Engineering. A Bibliographical Review. Qual. Reliab. Eng. Int. 24: 417–428 (2008).
[51] Pimentel M., Oturan N., Dezotti M., Oturan M.A., Phenol Degradation by Advanced Electrochemical Oxidation Process Electro-Fenton Using a Carbon Felt Cathode, Appl. Catal. B Environ., 83: 140–149 (2008)
[52] Peres J.A., Domínguez J.R., Beltran-Heredia J., Reaction of Phenolic Acids with Fenton-Generated Hydroxyl Radicals: Hammett Correlation. Desalination 252: 167–171 (2010)
[53] Diagne M., Oturan N., Oturan M.A., Removal of Methyl Parathion from Water by Electrochemically Generated Fenton's Reagent. Chemosphere 66: 841–848 (2007)
[54] Pariente M.I., Martınez F., Melero J.A., Botas J.A., Velegraki T., Xekoukoulotakis N.P., Mantzavinos D., Heterogeneous Photo-Fenton Oxidation of Benzoic Acid in Water: Effect of Operating Conditions, Reaction By-Products and Coupling with Biological Treatment, Appl. Catal., B 85: 24–32 (2008)
[56] Zazou H., Oturan N., Zhang H., Hamdani M., Oturan M.A., Comparative study of Electrochemical Oxidation of Herbicide 2,4,5-T: Kinetics, Parametric Optimization and Mineralization Pathway. Sustain. Environ. Res., 27: 15–23 (2017)
[59] Brillas E., Sires I., Arias C., Cabot P.L., Centellas F., Rodrıguez R.M., Garrido J.A., Mineralization of Paracetamol in Aqueous Medium by Anodic Oxidation with a Boron-Doped Diamond Electrode, Chemosphere, 58: 399-406 (2005)
[60] Brillas E., Garcia-Segura S., Skoumal M., Arias C., Electrochemical Incineration of Diclofenac in Neutral Aqueous Medium by Anodic Oxidation Using Pt and Boron-Doped Diamond Aanodes, Chemosphere, 97: 605-612 (2010)