Biochar from Orange (citrus sinensis) Peels by Acid Activation for Methylene Blue Adsorption

Document Type : Research Article

Authors

1 School of Chemistry and Environment, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, MALAYSIA

2 Department of Chemistry, College of Education for Pure Science Ibn-Al Haitham, Baghdad University, IRAQ

Abstract

In this work, orange (Citrus sinensis) peels biochar (OPBC) were prepared by one-step H2SO4 activation for Methylene Blue (MB) adsorption from aqueous solution. The physicochemical properties of OPBC were characterized using instrumental analyses such as CHNS-O analyzer, Fourier Transform InfraRed (FT-IR) spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), and point-of-zero charge (pHpzc) analysis. Batch mode adsorption study was conducted by varying operational parameters such as adsorbent dosage (0.02 – 0.20 g), solution pH (3 – 11), initial MB concentrations (50 – 300 mg/L), and contact time (0 – 1440 min). The equilibrium data was found to better fit with Langmuir isotherm model compare to Freundlich and Temkin models. The maximum adsorption capacity, qmax of OPBC for MB adsorption was 208.3 mg/g at 303 K. The kinetic study revealed that the present system obeyed Pseudo-Second-Order (PSO), model. The thermodynamic adsorption parameters such as standard enthalpy (ΔH°), standard entropy (ΔS°), and standard free energy (ΔG°) showed that the adsorption of MB onto OPBC surface endothermic in nature and spontaneous under the experimental conditions. All above-mentioned results indicate that the OPBC can feasibly employ for the elimination of MB from aqueous solution

Keywords

Main Subjects

References

[1] Mubarak N.S.A., Jawad A.H., Nawawi W.I., Equilibrium, Kinetic and Thermodynamic Studies of Reactive Red 120 Dye Adsorption by Chitosan Beads From Aqueous Solution, Energ. Ecol. Environ., 2: 85–93 (2017).
[2] Jawad A.H., Alkarkhi A.F.M., Mubarak N.S.A., Photocatalytic Decolorization of Methylene Blue by an Immobilized TiO2 Film Under Visible Light Irradiation: Optimization Using Response Surface Methodology (RSM), Desalin. Water Treat., 56: 161–172 (2015).
[3] Jawad A.H., Mubarak N.S.A., Ishak M.A.M., Ismail K., Nawawi W.I., Kinetics of Photocatalytic Decolourization of Cationic Dye Using Porous TiO2 Film, J. Taibah Univ. Sci., 10: 352–362 (2016).
[4 Jawad A.H., Rashid R.A., Mahmuod R.M.A., Ishak M.A.M., Kasim N.N., Ismail K., Adsorption of Methylene Blue onto Coconut (Cocos Nucifera) Leaf: Optimization, Isotherm and Kinetic Studies, Desalin. Water Treat., 57: 8839–8853 (2016).
[5] Khataee A.R., Movafeghi A., Torbati S., SalehiLisar S.Y., Zarei M., Phytoremediation Potential of Duckweed (Lemna Minor L.) In Degradation of C.I. Acid Blue 92: Artificial Neural Network Modeling, Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf., 80: 291–298 (2012).
[6] Fan L., Zhou Y., Yang W., Chen G., Yang F., Electrochemical Degradation of Aqueous Solution of Amaranth Azo Dye on ACF Under Potentiostatic Model, Dyes Pigments, 76: 440–446 (2008).
[7] Wu J.S., Liu C.H., Chu K.H., Suen S.Y., Removal of Cationic Dye Methyl Violet 2B From Water by Cation Exchange Membranes, J. Membr. Sci., 309: 239–245 (2008).
[8] Woo Y.S., Rafatullah M., Al-Karkhi A.F.M., Tow T.T., Removal of Terasil Red R Dye by Using Fenton Oxidation: A Statistical Analysis, Desal. Water Treat., 53: 1–9 (2013).
[9] Azami M.S., Nawawi W.I., Ishak M.A.M., Ismail K., Ahmad Z., Jawad A.H., “Carbon Nitrogen Co-Doped P25: Parameter Study on Photodegradation of Reactive Red 4”, MATEC Web of Conferences, 47. EDP Sciences (2016).
[10] Nawawi W.I.W., Ain S.K., Zaharudin R., Jawad A.H., Ishak M.A.M., Ismail K., Sahid S., New TiO2/DSAT Immobilization System for Photodegradation of Anionic and Cationic Dyes, Int. J. Photoenergy 2015(3): 1–6 (2015).
[11] Jawad A.H., Islam M.A., Hameed B.H., Cross-Linked Chitosan Thin Film Coated onto Glass Plate as an Effective Adsorbent for Adsorption of Reactive Orange 16, Int. J. Biol. Macromolec., 95: 743–749 (2017).
[12] Jawad A.H., Sabar S., Ishak M.A.M., Wilson L.D., Norrahma S.S.A., Talari M.K., Farhan A.M., Microwave-Assisted Preparation of Mesoporous Activated Carbon From Coconut (Cocos Nucifera) Leaf by H3PO4-Activation for Methylene Blue Adsorption, Chem. Eng. Commun., 204: 1143–1156 (2017).
[13] Foo K.Y., Hameed B.H., Potential of Jackfruit Peel as Precursor for Activated Carbon Prepared
by Microwave Induced NaOH Activation, Bioresour. Technol., 112: 143–150 (2012).
[14] Foo K.Y., Hameed B.H., Factors Affecting the Carbon Yield and Adsorption Capability of The Mangosteen Peel Activated Carbon Prepared by Microwave Assisted K2CO3 Activation, Chem. Eng. J., 180: 66–74 (2012).
[15] Foo K.Y., Hameed B.H., Porous Structure and Adsorptive Properties of Pineapple Peel Based Activated Carbons Prepared Via Microwave Assisted KOH And K2CO3 Activation, Microporous Mesoporous Mater. 148: 191–195 (2012).
[16] Dutta S., Bhattacharyya A., Ganguly A., Gupta S., Basu S., Application of Response Surface Methodology for Preparation of Low-Cost Adsorbent From Citrus Fruit Peel and for Removal of Methylene Blue, Desalination, 275: 26–36 (2011).
[17] Arampatzidou A.C., Deliyanni E.A., Comparison of Activation Media and Pyrolysis Temperature for Activated Carbons Development by Pyrolysis of Potato Peels for Effective Adsorption of Endocrine Disruptor Bisphenol-A, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 466: 101–112 (2016).
[18] Njoku V.O., Foo K.Y., Asif M., Hameed B.H., Preparation of Activated Carbons From Rambutan (Nephelium Lappaceum) Peel by Microwave-Induced KOH Activation for Acid Yellow 17 Dye Adsorption, Chem. Eng. J., 250: 198–204 (2014).
[19] Ahmad M.A., Puad N.A.A., Bello O.S., Kinetic, Equilibrium and Thermodynamic Studies of Synthetic Dye Removal Using Pomegranate Peel Activated Carbon Prepared by Microwave-Induced KOH Activation, Water Resour. Ind., 6: 18–35 (2014).
[20] Pei Y.Y., Liu J.Y., Adsorption of Pb2+ In Wastewater Using Adsorbent Derived From Grapefruit Peel, Adv. Mater. Res., 391–392: 968–972 (2011).
[21] Owamah H.I., Biosorptive Removal of Pb(II) And Cu(II) From Wastewater Using Activated Carbon from Cassava Peels, J. Mater. Cycles Waste Manage., 16: 347–358 (2014).
[22] Pandey R., Ansari N.G., Prasad R.L., Murthy R.C., Removal of Cd(II) Ions from Simulated Wastewater by HCl Modified Cucumis Sativus Peel: Equilibrium and Kinetic Study, Air Soil Water Res., 7: 93–101 (2014).
[23] Bello O.S., Ahmad M.A., Semire B., Scavenging Malachite Green Dye from Aqueous Solutions Using Pomelo (Citrus Grandis) Peels: Kinetic, Equilibrium and Thermodynamic Studies, Desal. Water Treat., 56: 521–535 (2015).
[24] Amela K., Hassen M.A., Kerroum D., Isotherm and Kinetics Study of Biosorption of Cationic Dye onto Banana Peel, Energy Procedia., 19: 286–295 (2012).
[25] Singh P., Raizada P., Pathania D., Sharma G., Sharma P., Microwave Induced KOH Activation of Guava Peel Carbon as an Adsorbent for Congo Red Dye Removal From Aqueous Phase, Indian J. Chem. Technol., 20: 305–311 (2013).
[26] Husein D.Z., Adsorption and Removal of Mercury Ions From Aqueous Solution Using Raw and Chemically Modified Egyptian Mandarin Peel, Desalin. Water Treat., 51: 6761–6769 (2013).
[27] Jawad A.H., Mamat N.F.H., Fauzi M., Ismail K., Adsorption of Methylene Blue onto Acid-Treated Mango Peels : Kinetic, Equilibrium and Thermodynamic Study, Desalin. Water Treat., 59:210–219 (2017).
[28] Morton J.F., Orange, in: Morton, J.F., Ed., “Fruits of Warm Climates”, Miami, pp. 134–142 (1987).
[29] Qiao Y., Xie B.J., Zhang Y., Zhang Y., Fan G., Yao X.L., Pan S.Y., Characterization of Aroma Active Compounds in Fruit Juice and Peel Oil of Jinchen Sweet Orange Fruit (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck) by GC-MS and GC-O, Molecules, 13: 1333-1344 (2008).
[30] Spreen T.H., “Projections of World Production and Consumption of Citrus to 2010. FAO Corporate Document Repository”, China/FAO Citrus Symposium Eng. 14-17 May 2001 Beijing (China) Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing (China).
[31] Okman I., Karagöz S., Tay T., Erdem M., Activated Carbons From Grape Seeds by Chemical Activation with Potassium Carbonate and Potassium Hydroxide, Appl. Surf. Sci., 293: 138–142 (2014).
[32] Hejazifar M., Azizian S., Sarikhani H., Li Q., Zhao D., Microwave Assisted Preparation of Efficient Activated Carbon From Grapevine Rhytidome for The Removal of Methyl Violet From Aqueous Solution, J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis., 92: 258–266 (2011).
[33] Gürses A., Doğar Ç., Karaca S.M., Ac¸ikyildiz M., Bayrak R., Production of Granular Activated Carbon From Waste Rosa Canina Sp. Seeds and Its Adsorption Characteristics for Dye, J. Hazard. Mater., 131: 254–259 (2006).
[34] Gerçel Ö., Özcan A., Özcan A.S., Gerçel H.F., Preparation of Activated Carbon From A Renewable Bio-Plant of Euphorbia Rigida by H2SO4 Activation and Its Adsorption Behavior In Aqueous Solutions, Appl. Surf. Sci., 253: 4843–4852 (2007).
[35] Low L.W., Teng T.T., Ahmad A., Morad N.,
Wong Y.S., A Novel Pretreatment Method of Lignocellulosic Material as Adsorbent and Kinetic Study of Dye Waste Adsorption, Water Air and Soil Pollut., 218: 293–306 (2011).
[36] Hasar H., Adsorption of Nickel (II) From Aqueous Solution onto Activated Carbon Prepared From Almond Husk, J. Hazard. Mater., 97: 49–57 (2003).
[37] Lata H., Garg V.K., Gupta R.K., Removal of  a Basic Dye From Aqueous Solution by Adsorption Using Parthenium Hysterophorus: An Agricultural Waste, Dyes Pigm., 74: 653–658 (2007).
[38] Karagöz S., Tay T., Ucar S., Erdem M., Activated Carbons From Waste Biomass by Sulfuric Acid Activation and Their Use on Methylene Blue Adsorption, Bioresour. Technol., 99: 6214–6222 (2008).
[39] Royer B., Cardoso N.F., Lima E.C., Vaghetti J.C.P., Veses R.C., Applications of Brazalin Pine-Fruit Shell in Natural and Carbonized Forms as Adsorbents To Removal of Methylene Blue from Aqueous Solutions: Kinetics and Equilibrium Study, J. Hazard. Mater., 164: 1213–1222 (2009).
[40] Ho Y.S., Malaryvizhi R., Sulochana N., Equilibrium Isotherm Studies of Methylene Blue Adsorption onto Activated Carbon Prepared From Delonix Regia Pods, J. Environ. Prot. Sci., 3(1): 111–116 (2009).
[41] Swamy M.M., Nagabhushana B.M., Krishna R.H., Kottam N., Raveendra R.S., Prashanth P.A., Fast Adsorptive Removal of Methylene Blue Dye from Aqueous Solution onto a Wild Carrot Flower Activated Carbon: Isotherms and Kinetics Studies, Desalin. Water Treat., 71: 399–405 (2017).
[42] Jawad A.H., Rashid R.A., Ishak M.A.M., Wilson L.D., Adsorption of Methylene Blue onto Activated Carbon Developed From Biomass Waste by H2SO4 Activation: Kinetic, Equilibrium and Thermodynamic Studies, Desalin. Water Treat., 57: 25194–25206 (2016).
[43] Sharma N., Tiwari D.P., Singh S.K., The Efficiency Appraisal for Removal of Malachite Green by Potato Peel and Neem Bark: Isotherm and Kinetic Studies, Int. J. Chem. Environ. Eng., 5: 83–88 (2014).
[44] Garg V.K., Kumar R., Gupta R., Removal of Malachite Green Dye From Aqueous Solution by Adsorption Using Agro-Industry Waste: A Case Study of Prosopis Cineraria. Dyes Pigments., 62: 1–10 (2004).
[45] Auta M., Hameed B.H., Optimized Waste Tea Activated Carbon for Adsorption of Methylene Blue and Acid Blue 29 Dyes Using Response Surface Methodology, Chem. Eng. J., 175: 233– 243 (2011).
[46] Ahmedna M., Marshall W.E., Rao R.M., Clarke S.J., Use of Filtration and Buffers In Raw Sugar Colour Measurements, J. Sci. Food Agric., 75: 109–116 (1997).
[47] Adekola F.A., Adegoke H.I., Adsorption of Blue-Dye on Activated Carbons Produced From Rice Husk, Coconut Shell and Coconut Coir Pith, Ife J. Sci., 7: 151–157 (2005).
[48] "ASTM Standard, Standard Test Method for Total Ash Content of Activated Carbon, Designation" D2866-94, (2000).
[49] “Lubrizol Standard Test Method, Iodine Value, Test Procedure AATM 1112-01”, October 16 (2006).
[50] Lopez-Ramon M.V., Stoeckli F., Moreno-Castilla C., Carrasco-Marin F., On The Characterization of Acidic And Basic Surface Sites on Carbons by Various Techniques, Carbon., 37: 1215– 1221 (1999).
[51] Jawad A.H., Ishak M.A.M., Farhan A.M., Ismail K., Response Surface Methodology Approach for Optimization of Color Removal and COD Reduction of Methylene Blue Using Microwave-Induced NaOH Activated Carbon from Biomass Waste, Desalin. Water Treat., 62: 208–220 (2017).
[52] Jawad A.H., Rashid R.A., Ismail K., Sabar S., High Surface Area Mesoporous Activated Carbon Developed from Coconut Leaf by Chemical Activation with H3PO4 for Adsorption of Methylene Blue, Desalin. Water Treat., 74: 326–335 (2017).
[53] Rashid R.A., Jawad A.H., Ishak M.A.M., Kasim N.N., KOH-Activated Carbon Developed from Biomass Waste: Adsorption Equilibrium, Kinetic and Thermodynamic Studies for Methylene Blue Uptake, Desalin. Water Treat., 57: 27226–27236 (2016).
[54] Jawad A.H., Nawi M.A., Characterizations of the Photocatalytically-Oxidized Cross-Linked Chitosan-Glutaraldehyde and its Application as a Sub-Layer in the TiO2/CS-GLA Bilayer Photocatalyst System, J. Polym. Environ., 20: 817-829 (2012).
[55] Islam M.A., Ahmed M.J., Khanday W.A., Asif M., Hameed B.H., Mesoporous Activated Carbon Prepared from NaOH Activation of Rattan (Lacosperma Secundiflorum) Hydrochar for Methylene Blue Removal, Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf., 138: 279–285 (2017).
[56] Rashid R.A., Jawad A.H., Ishak M.A.M., Kasim N.N., FeCl3 -Activated Carbon Developed from Coconut Leaves: Characterization and Application for Methylene Blue Removal, Sains Malaysiana, 47(3): 603–610 (2018).
[57] Bedin K.C., Martins A.C., Cazetta A.L., Pezoti O., Almeida V.C., KOH-Activated Carbon Prepared From Sucrose Spherical Carbon: Adsorption Equilibrium, Kinetic and Thermodynamic Studies for Methylene Blue Removal, Chem. Eng. J., 286: 476–484 (2015).
[58] Tsai W.T., Lai C.W., Hsien K.J., Adsorption Kinetics of Herbicide Paraquat from Aqueous Solution onto Activated Bleaching Earth, Chemosphere., 55: 829–837 (2004).
[59] Ofomaja A.E., Sorption Dynamics and Isotherm Studies of Methylene Blue Uptake on to Palm Kernel Fibre, Chem. Eng. J., 126: 35–43 (2007).
[60] Hossein F., Ali Akbar M.A., Arezomand S., Reza H., Hossein M.A., Kinetics and Equilibrium Studies
of The Removal Of Blue Basic 41 and Methylene Blue From Aqueous Solution Using Rice Stems, Iran. J. Chem. Chem. Eng. (IJCCE), 34(3): 33-42 (2015).
[61] Langmuir I., The Adsorption of Gases on Plane Surfaces of Glass, Mica and Platinum, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 40: 1361–1403 (1918).
[62] Hall K.R., Eagleton L.C., Acrivos A., Vermeulen T., Pore- and Solid Diffusion Kinetics in Fixed-Bed Biosorption Under Constant-Pattern Conditions, Ind. Eng. Chem. Fundam., 5 212–223 (1966).
[63] Freundlich H., Ueber Die Adsorption In Loesungen (Adsorption in Solution), Z. Phys. Chem., 57: 385–470 (1906).
[64] Temkin M.J., Pyzhev V., Recent Modifications to Langmuir Isotherms, Acta Physiochim. USSR, 12: 217–222 (1940).
[65] Pathania D., Sharma S., Singh P., Removal of Methylene Blue by Adsorption onto Activated Carbon Developed From Ficus Carica Bast, Arab. J. Chem., 10(1): 1445–1451 (2017).
[66] Lagergren S., Zur Theorie Der Sogenannten Adsorption Geloster Stoffe, K. Sven. Vetenskapsakad. Handl., 24: 1–39 (1898).
[67] Ho Y.S., McKay G., Sorption of Dye From Aqueous Solution by Peat, Chem. Eng. J., 70: 115–124 (1998).
[68] Karaçetin G., Sivrikaya S., Imamoğlu M., Adsorption of Methylene Blue from Aqueous Solutions by Activated Carbon Prepared From Hazelnut Husk Using Zinc Chloride, J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis, 110: 270–276 (2014).
[69] Jaycock M.J., Parfitt, G.D., “Chemistry of Interfaces”, Ellis Horwood Ltd., Onichester, (1981).
[70] Noll K.E., Gounaris V., Hou W.S., “Adsorption Technology for Air and Water Pollution Control”, Lewis Publishers, Chelsea, MI, 21–22 (1992).
[71] Ghaedi M., Shokrollahi A., Tavallali H., Shojaiepoor F., Keshavarz B., Hossainian H., Soylak M., Purkait M.K., Activated Carbon and Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes as Efficient Adsorbents for Removal of Arsenazo (ΙΙΙ) and Methyl Red from Waste Water, Toxicol. Environ. Chem., 93(3): 438–449 (2011).
[72] Asouhidou D.D., Triantafyllidis K.S., Lazaridis N.K., Matis K.A., Kim S.S., Pinnavaia T.J., Sorption of Reactive Dyes from Aqueous Solutions by Ordered Hexagonal and Disordered Mesoporous Carbons, Micropor. Mesopor. Mater., 117: 257–267 (2009).
[73] Gundogdu A., Duran C., Senturk H.B., Soylak M., Ozdes D., Serencam H., Imamoglu M., Adsorption of Phenol from Aqueous Solution on a Low-Cost Activated Carbon Produced From Tea Industry Waste: Equilibrium, Kinetic, and Thermodynamic Study, J. Chem. Eng. Data., 57(10): 2733-2743 (2012).
Iranian Journal of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
Volume 38, Issue 2 - Serial Number 94
March and April 2019
Pages 91-105

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics