Eco-Friendly Innovation for Electrical Conductivity Reduction of Persian Gulf Seawater Using Highly Efficient Recyclable Sorbent

Document Type : Research Article

Authors

Department of Environmental Engineering, University of Tehran, I.R. IRAN

Abstract

The use of seawater containing Reverse Osmosis effluent is very serious for the daily living of the coastal residents, especially for farmers. In this study, a one-year field test was carried out for electrical conductivity reduction of Persian Gulf seawater in Iran, during 2017 and 2018. The test was conducted in two filters each with a diameter 2.5 cm (or 0.025 m) and 18.5 cm (or 0.185 m). In the filters, crumb mineral mussel was used as one of the main components of filter materials. The minor components of filter materials were comprised of coarse-grained gravel, fine-grained activated carbon, and fine-grained sand. The well water as low-saline water for the background of seawater treatment and seawater as super-saline water were treated. The test was performed as the pilot, batch, and column design with three replicates. The volume of daily treated seawater and the efficiency of reduction of electrical conductivity and salinity were determined. The volume of treated seawater by each of the filters was at least 10 times the diameter of each of those. The maximum reduction efficiency of electrical conductivity and salinity in a filter with 2.5 cm (or 0.025 m) diameter was 97.09% (from 85.2 to 2.48 mS/cm or from 8.52 to 0.248 S/m) and it was 98.2% (from 61 to 1.1), respectively. Maximum reduction efficiency of the parameters in filter with 18.5 cm (or 0.185 m) diameter was 97.5% (from 84.8 to 2.12 mS/cm or from 8.48 to 0.212 S/m) and it was 97.69% (from 60.7 to 1.4), respectively. Electrical conductivity in outlet water from filters was less than 3 mS/cm (or 0.3 S/m), below the permissible limit recommended by World Health Organization and also the Iranian Department of Environment for agriculture and irrigation usage. Based on these results a non-continuous method seems promising in the biological growing phase in filters.

Keywords

Main Subjects

References

[1]  Abedi M.J., Nairizi S., Ebrahimi Birang N., Maherani M., Khaledi H., Mehrdadi N., Cheraghi A.M. "Book of Use of Saline Water in Sustainable Agriculture." National Committee on Irrigation and Drainage. Tehran, Iran (1999).
[2] Amiri M. "Book of Principles of Water Treatment", Arkan, 11th ed., Esfahan, Iran (2019).
[3] APHA. "Book of Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Waste Water", American Public Health Association. 21st ed., Washington (2005).
[4] Arias D., Cisternas A., Rivas M., Biomineralization Mediated by Ureolytic Bacteria Applied to Water Treatment, Journal of Crystals, 7(11): 45 (2017).
[5] CATDS. "Sea Surface Salinity Remote Sensing at Salinity Expert Center", CEC-OS Center (2017).
[6] Chan S., Pullerits K., Riechelmann J., Monitoring Biofilm Function in New and Matured Full-Scale Slow Sand Filters Using Flow Cytometric Histogram Image Comparison, Journal of Water Research, 138: 27-36 (2018).
[7] Department of Environment, "Iran Water Quality Standards." (2016).
[8] EPA. "The United States Environmental Protection Agency" (2014).
[9] Gholami M., Mohammadi H., "Book of Water and Wastewater Microbiology", Hayan.Tehran, Iran (1999).
[10] Golie M., Yedira A., Upadhyayula, S., Recovery of Nitrate from Water Using Chitosan & Bentonite Biocomposite in a Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor, Journal of Environment and Bio Research, 2: 1-3 (2018).
[11] Heshmat B., Andrews G., Montoya A., Terahertz Scattering and Water Absorption for Porosimetry, Journal of Optics Express, 25: 27370-27385 (2017).
[12] Hoslett J., Massara T., Malamis S., Surface Water Filtration Using Granular Media and Membranes, Journal of Science of the Total Environment, 639: 1268–1282 (2018).
[13] Hosseinian M., "Book of Water Treatment Plant Design", Shahrab.Tehran, Iran (2008).
[14] Huggins M., Haeger A., Biffinger C., Granular Biochar Compared with Activated Carbon for Wastewater Treatment and Resource Recovery, Journal of Water Research, 94: 225-232 (2016).
[15] Ideal Trades Men Groops. "Ideal Trades Men." (2008).
[16] Jane F., Smets B., Microbial Biotechnologies for Potable Water Production, Journal of Microbial Biotechnology, 10(5): 1094-1097 (2017).
[17] Kamyab H., Fadhil M., Ponraj M., Isolation and Screening of Microalgae from Agroindustrial Wastewater for Biomass and Biodiesel Sources, Journal of Desalination and Water Treatment, 1-8 (2016).
[18] Kawamura S., "Book of Integrated Design and Operation of Water Treatment Facilities." 2nd ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Canada (2000).
[19] Kim D., Park S., Yoon Y., Removal of Total Dissolved Solids from Reverse Osmosis Concentrates from a MunicipalWastewater Reclamation Plant by Aerobic Granular Sludge, Journal of Water, 10(7):882 (2018).
[20] Lorenzen J., Igl N., Extraction of Microalgae Derived Lipids with Supercritical Carbon Dioxide in an Industrial Relevant Pilot Plant, Journal of Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering, 40(6):911–918 (2017).
[21] Massia Co. "Massia Product Company." (2019).
[22] Meshkat S. Arad Sadaf. Animal Feed Production Group (2020).
[23] Minas K., Karunakaran E., Bond T., Biodesalination: an Emerging Technology Fortargeted Removal of Na+ and Cl− from Seawater by Cyanobacteria, Journal of Desalination and Water Treatment, 55(10): 2647-2668 (2015).
[24] Missimer M., Maliva G., Environmental Issues in Seawater Reverse Osmosis Desalination, Journal of Desalination, 434: 198–215 (2018).
[25] Mohajeri P., Smith C., Selamat M. "Enhancing the Adsorption of Lead (II) by Bentonite Enriched with pH-Adjusted Meranti Sawdust, Journal of Water, 10:1-21 (2018).
[26] Nguyen T., Jeong S., Pham T., Effect of Granular Activated Carbon Filter on the Subsequent Flocculation in Seawater Treatment, Journal of Desalination, 354:9-16 (2014).
[27] Pontius F. Treatability of a Highly-Impaired, Saline Surface Water for Potential Urban Water Use, Journal of Water, 10:324 (2018).
[28] Rajapakse J., Millar J., Gunawardana C., Applicability of Pebble Matrix Filtration for the Pre‐Treatment of Surface Waters Containing High Turbidity and NOM, Journal of Desalination and Water Treatment, 57: 24820-24832 (2016).
[29] Shafy H., Khateeb M., Shehata E., Greywater Treatment Using Different Designs of Sand Filters, Journal of Desalination and Water Treatment, 1-6 (2013).
[30] Shuili L., Li L., Liu G. "Microbial Communities Shaped by…", Journal of Frontiers in Microbiology, 8. PP:2465 (2017).
[31] Westholm L., Repo E., Sillanpaa M. "Filter materials for Metal Removal from Mine Drainage", Journal of Environmental Science and Pollution Research International, 21:9109-9128 (2014).
Iranian Journal of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
Volume 41, Issue 4 - Serial Number 114
April 2022
Pages 1322-1334

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics