ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Synthesis and Characterization of Ru/Al2O3 Nanocatalyst for Ammonia Synthesis
Ru/Al2O3 catalysts were prepared by conventional incipient wetness impregnation as well as colloid deposition of RuCl3 precursor via in situ reduction with ethylene glycol (polyol) method on alumina support. The samples were characterized by TEM, XRD and TPR techniques. The catalytic performance tests were carried out in a fixed-bed micro-reactor under different operating conditions. Ethylene glycol as the reducing agent in the polyol methodproduced well-dispersed and uniform ruthenium nanoparticles with an average diameter of 7 nm supported on Al2O3. In conventional method, however, reduction by hydrogen resulted in considerably larger particles with average size of 12 nm.The Ru/Al2O3 catalyst prepared by polyol method exhibited three-fold higher activity in ammonia synthesis compared to the catalyst prepared by conventional method. The turnover frequency ratio of ammonia synthesis of polyol to conventional catalyst was estimated to be 2.1 at 450°C implying the reaction is structure-sensitive over Ru-based catalysts.
https://ijcce.ac.ir/article_12613_65bcea4c9e48a86d88676bbc8503f63f.pdf
2015-03-01
1
9
10.30492/ijcce.2015.12613
Ammonia synthesis
Ruthenium
nanoparticles
Structure-sensitivity
Alumina support
Naghi
Saadatjou
1
Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Semnan University, Semnan, I.R. IRAN
AUTHOR
Ali
Jafari
2
Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Semnan University, Semnan, I.R. IRAN
AUTHOR
Saeed
Sahebdelfar
s.sahebdel@npc-rt.ir
3
Catalyst Research Group, Petrochemical Research and Technology Company, National Petrochemical Company, P.O. Box 14358–84711 Tehran, I.R. IRAN
LEAD_AUTHOR
[1] Schlogl R., Ammonia Synthesis in: "Handbook of Heterogeneous Catalysis", Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Fritz-Haber-Institute of the MPG, Germany (1991).
1
[2] Kojima R, Aika K., Cobalt Molybdenum Bimetallic Nitride Catalysts for Ammonia Synthesis Part 1. Preparation and Characterization, Appl. Catal. A: General, 215(1-2): 149-160 (2001).
2
[3] Nielsen S.E., "Ammonia Synthesis: Catalyst and Technologies", Haldor Topsoe A/SNymoelleves 55, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark (2008).
3
[4] Jafari A., Saadatjou N., Yazdani rad R., Sahebdelfar S., The Effect of Sulfur Content and Cooling Rate on Fused Iron Catalyst for Ammonia Synthesis, "Proc. of the 16th Iranian Chemistry Congress", Yazd, Iran, 404 (2013).
4
[5] Puspitasari P., Yahya N., Development of Ammonia Synthesis, "Proceeding of National Postgraduate Conference (NPC)", Kuala Lumpur (2011).
5
[6] Hadadzadeh H., Rezvani A.R., Synthesis, Characterization, Electrochemical and Spectrochemical Properties of Ruthenium (II) Complexes Containing Phenylcyanamide Ligands and Effect of Inner-Sphere on the Ru-NCN, Iran. J. Chem. Chem. Eng. (IJCCE), 24(2): 21-30 (2005).
6
[7] Tavasoli A., Karimi A., Khodadadi A.A., Mortazavi Y., Mousavian M.A., Accelerated Deactivation and Activity Recovery Studies of Ruthenium and Rhenium Promoted Cobalt Catalysts in Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis, Iran. J. Chem. Chem. Eng. (IJCCE), 24(4): 25-36 (2005).
7
[8] Rard J.A., Chemistry and Thermodynamics of Ruthenium and Some of Its Inorganic Compounds and Aqueous Species, Chem. Rev., 85(1): 1-39 (1985).
8
[9] Yang Z., Guo W., Lin J., Liao D., Supported Catalysts with Ru–M (M = Fe, Co, Ni, Mo) Bimetallic Active Centers for Ammonia Synthesis, Chin. J. Catal., 27(5): 378-380 (2006).
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[10] Ozaki A., Development of Alkali-Promoted Ruthenium as a Novel Catalyst for Ammonia Synthesis, Acc. Chem. Res., 14(1): 16-21 (1981).
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[11] Dahl S., "N2 Activation and NH3 Synthesis over Ru, Fe and Fe/Ru Model Catalysts", Ph.D. Thesis, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark, (1999).
11
[12] Van HardeveldR., VanMontfoortA., The Influence of Crystallite Size on the Adsorption of Molecular Nitrogen on Nickel, Palladium and Platinum: An Infrared and Electron-Microscopic Study,Surf.Sci., 4(4): 396-430 (1966).
12
[13] Gharibi M., Tahriri Zangeneh F., Yaripour F., Sahebdelfar S., Nanocatalysts for Conversion of Natural Gas to Liquid Fuels and Petrochemical Feedstocks, Appl. Catal. A: General, 443-444(7): 8-26 (2012).
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[14] Dahl S., Tornqvist E., Chorkendorff I., Dissociative Adsorption of N2 on Ru(0001): A Surface Reaction Totally Dominated by Steps, J. Catal., 192(2): 381-390 (2000).
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[15] Jacobsen C.J.H., Dahl S., Hansen P.L., Tornqvist E., Jensen L., Topsoe H., Prip, D.V., Moenshaug, P.B., Chorkendorff, I., Structure Sensitivity of Supported Ruthenium Catalysts for Ammonia Synthesis, J. Mol. Catal.: A Chem., 163(1-2): 19-26 (2000).
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[17] Lin B., Wei K., Carbon-Supported Ru Catalyst with Lithium Promoter for Ammonia Synthesis, Catal. Commun., 41: 110-114 (2013).
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[18] Ji Z., Liang S., Jiang Y., Li H., Liu Z. Zhao T., Synthesis and Characterization of Ruthenium-Containing Ordered Mesoporous Carbon with High Specific Surface Area, Carbon, 47(9): 2194-2199 (2009).
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[19] Iwamoto J., Itoh M., Kajita Y., Saito M., Machida K., Ammonia Synthesis on Magnesia Supported Ruthenium Catalysts with Mesoporous Structure, Catal. Commun., 8(6): 941-944(2007).
19
[20] Kadowaki Y., Aika K., Promoter Effect of Sm2O3 on Ru/Al2O3 in Ammonia Synthesis, J. Catal., 161(1): 178-185 (1996).
20
[21] Lin B., Wang R., Lin J., Ni J., Wei K., Sm-Promoted Alumina Supported Ru Catalysts for Ammonia Synthesis: Effect of the Preparation Method and Sm Promoter, Catal. Commun., 12(6): 553-558 (2011).
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[22] Davis R.J., New Perspectives on Basic Zeolites as Catalysts and Catalyst Supports, J. Catal., 216(1-2): 396-405 (2003).
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[23] Laricheva Y., Moroza B., Bukhtiyarova V., Electronic State of Ruthenium Deposited onto Oxide Supports: An XPS Study Taking into Account the Final State Effects, Appl. Sur. Sci., 258(4): 1541-1550 (2011).
23
[24] Okal J., Kepineski L., Sintering of Colloidal Ru/γ-Al2O3 Catalyst in Hydrogen, Catal. Lett., 128(3-4): 331-336 (2009).
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[25] Bartholomew C.H., Farrauto R.J., "Fundamentals of Industrial Catalytic Processes", 2nd ed., Wiley, New Jersey, (2006).
25
[26] Aika K., Shimazaki K., Hattori Y., Ohya A., Ohshima S., Shirota K., Ozaki A., Support and Promoter Effect of Ruthenium Catalyst I. Characterization of Alkali-Promoted Ruthenium/Alumina Catalysts for Ammonia Synthesis, J. Catal., 92(2): 296-304 (1985).
26
[27] Liang C., Wei Z., Luo M., Ying P., Xin Q., Li C., Hydrogen Spillover Effect in the Reduction of Barium Nitrate of Ru-Ba(NO3)2/AC Catalysts for Ammonia Synthesis, Stud. Surf. Sci. Catal., 138: 283-290 (2001).
27
[28] Rosowski F., Hornung A., Hinrichsen O., Herein D., Muhler M., Ertl G., Ruthenium Catalysts for Ammonia Synthesis at High Pressures: Preparation, Characterization, and Power-Law Kinetics, Appl. Catal. A: Gen., 151(2): 443-460 (1997).
28
[29] Lin B., Wang R., Lin J., Ni J., Wei K., Effect of Chlorine on the Chemisorptive Properties and Ammonia Synthesis Activity of Alumina-Supported Ru Catalysts, Catal. Lett., 141(10): 1557-1568 (2011).
29
[30] Seetharamulu P., Kumar V.S., Padmasri A.H., Raju B.D., Rao K.S.R., A Highly Active Nano-Ru Catalyst Supported on Novel Mg–Al Hydrotalcite Precursor for the Synthesis of Ammonia, J. Mol. Catal.: A Chem., 263(1-2): 253-258 (2007).
30
[31] Vasiliadou E.S., Heracleous E., Vasalos I.A., Lemonidou A.A., Ru-based Catalysts for Glycerol Hydrogenolysis Effect of Support and Metal Precursor, Appl. Catal. B, 92(1-2): 90-99 (2009).
31
[32] Murata S., Aika K., Preparation and Characterization of Chlorine-Free Ruthenium Catalysts and the Promoter Effect in Ammonia Synthesis, J. Catal. 136(1): 110-117 (1992).
32
[33] Hinrichsen O., Rosowski F., Hornung A., Muhler M., Ertl, G., The Kinetics of Ammonia Synthesis over Ru-based Catalysts Part 1: Dissociative Chemisorptions and Associative Desorption of N2, J. Catal., 165(1): 33-44 (1997).
33
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Characterization and Photocatalytic Activity of ZnO, ZnS, ZnO/ZnS, CdO, CdS and CdO/CdS Nanoparticles in Mesoporous SBA-15
Grinding (solvent-free) method was used as a superior technique to prepare mesoporous photocatalysts of ZnO, ZnS, ZnO / ZnS, CdO, CdS and CdO / CdS-SBA-15. In this technique, the nitrate, acetate and chloride salts of zinc and/or cadmium were grinded with as-synthesized SBA-15 as a mesoporous material. The controllable sulfurationis was used to prepare ZnS, ZnO/ZnS, CdS and CdO/CdS-SBA-15 at temperature of 80 °C. The advantages of grinding technique were: i) the elimination of solvent and thus decrease of expense and ii) the complete incorporation of metal salts in the nanochannel of mesoporous material in a short time. X-ray powder diffraction, N2 adsorption-desorption and FT-IR spectroscopy were used to characterize the prepared materials. The highly dispersed semiconductors in SBA-15 demonstrate an active photodegradation of Congo red in aqueous solution. The nanocomposites of ZnO/ZnS and CdO/CdS in channels of SBA-15 showed the highest photocatalytic activity. The photocatalytic activity of ZnO-, ZnS- and ZnO/ZnS-SBA-15 were also dependent on the salt precursor of zinc. The prepared composite photocatalysts of zinc/SBA-15, by using ZnCl2 as salt precursor, indicated the higher activity.
https://ijcce.ac.ir/article_12617_8718d46622bef76e71c7b8b1189ca955.pdf
2015-03-01
11
19
10.30492/ijcce.2015.12617
photocatalyst
SBA-15
nanoparticles
Congo red
Zinc
Cadmium
Hamid Reza
Pouretedal
hr_pouretedal@mut-es.ac.ir
1
Faculty of Applied Chemistry, Malek-ashtar University of Technology, Shahin Shahr, I.R. IRAN
LEAD_AUTHOR
Sara
Basati
2
Department of Chemistry, Islamic Azad University, Shahreza Branch, Shahreza, I.R. IRAN
AUTHOR
[1] Kresge C.T., Leonowicz M.E., Roth W.J., Vartuli J.C., Beck J.S., Ordered Mesoporous Molecular Sieves Synthesized by a Liquid-Crystal Template Mechanism, Nature 359: 710-712 (1992).
1
[2] Zhang W.H., Shi J.L., Chen H.R., Hua Z.L., Yan D.S., Synthesis and Characterization of Nanosized ZnS Confined in Ordered Mesoporous Ssilica, Chem. Mater. 13: 648-654 (2001).
2
[3] Zhao D., Feng J., Huo Q., Melosh N., Fredrickson G.H., Chmelka B.F., Stucky G.D., Triblock Copolymer Syntheses of Mesoporous Silica with Periodic 50 to 300 Angstrom Pores, Science, 279: 548-552 (1998).
3
[4] Ziarani G.M., Mousavi S., Lashgari N., Badiei A., Shakiba M., Application of Sulfonic Acid Functionalized Nanoporous Silica (SBA-Pr-SO3H) in the Green One-Ppot Synthesis of Polyhydroacridine Libraries, Iran. J. Chem. Chem. Eng. (IJCCE), 32: 9-16 (2013).
4
[5] Zhao D., Huo Q., Feng J., Chmelka B.F., Stucky G.D., Stucky, Nonionic Triblock and Star Diblock Copolymer and Oligomeric Surfactant Syntheses of Highly Ordered, Hydrothermally Stable, Mesoporous Silica Sructures, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 120: 6024-6036 (1998).
5
[6] Segura Y., Cool P., Van Der Voort P., Mees F., Meynen V., Vansant E.F., TiOx-VOx Mixed Oxides on SBA-15 Support Prepared by the Designed Dispersion of Acetylacetonate Complexes: Spectroscopic Study of the Reaction Mechanisms, J. Phys. Chem. B, 108: 3794-3800(2004).
6
[7] Busuioc, A.M., Meynen, V., Beyers, E., Mertens, M., Cool, P., Bilba, N., Vansant, E.F., Structural Features and Photocatalytic Behaviour of Titania Deposited within the Pores of SBA-15, Appl. Catal. A 312: 153-164 (2006).
7
[8] Perathoner, S., Lanzafame, P., Passalacqua, R., Centi, G., Schlogl, R., Su, D.S., Use of Mesoporous SBA-15 for Nanostructuringtitania for Photocatalytic applications, Micropor. Mesopor. Mater. 90: 347-361 (2006).
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[9] Ciesla, U., Schuth, F., Ordered Mesoporous Materials, Micropor. Mesopor. Mater. 27: 131-149 (1999).
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[10] Lopez-Munoz M.J., van Grieken R., Aguado J., Marugan, J., Role of the Support on the Activity of Silica-Supported TiO2 Photocatalysts: Structure of the TiO2/SBA-15 Photocatalysts, Catal. Today, 101: 307-314 (2005).
10
[11] Peng X., Schlamp M.C., Kadavanchi A.V., Alivisatos A.P., Epitaxial Growth of Highly Luminescent CdSe/CdS Core/Shell Nanocrystals with Photostability and Electronic Accessibility, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 119: 7019-7029(1997).
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[12] Dabbousi B.O., Jensen K.F., Bawendi M.G., (CdSe) ZnS Core-Shell Quantum Dots: Synthesis and Characterization of a Size Series of Highly Luminescent Nanocrystallites, J. Phys. Chem. B 101: 9463- 9475(1998).
12
[13] Janitabar D.S., Mahjoub A.R., Nilchi A., Synthesis of Spongelike Mesoporous Anatase and Its Photocatalytic Properties, Iran. J. Chem. Chem. Eng. (IJCCE), 29: 37-42 (2010).
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[14] Hotchandani S., Kamat P.V., Charge-Transfer Processes in Coupled Semiconductor Ssystems. Photochemistry and Photoelectrochemistry of the Colloidal Cadmium Sulfide-zinc Oxide Ssystem, J. Phys. Chem. 96: 6834-6839 (1992).
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[15] Modirshahla N., Behnajady M.A., Jangi Oskui M.R., Investigation of the Eefficiency of ZnO Photocatalyst in the Removal of p-Nitrophenol from Contaminated Water, Iran. J. Chem. Chem. Eng. (IJCCE), 28: 49-55 (2009).
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[16] Vayssieres L., Kies K., Lindquist S.E., Hagfeldt A., Purpose-Built Anisotropic Metal Oxide Material: 3D Highly Oriented Microrod Array of ZnO, J. Phys. Chem. B 105: 3350-3352 (2001).
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[17] Nayak J., Sahu S.N., Kasuya J., Nozaki S., CdS-ZnO Composite Nanorods: Synthesis, Characterization and Application for Photocatalytic Degradation of 3,4-dDihydroxy Benzoic Acid, Appl. Sur. Sci. 254: 7215-7218 (2008).
17
[18] Yang H.C., Lin C.Y., Chien Y.S., Wu J.C.S., Wu H.H., Mesoporous TiO2/SBA-15, and Cu/TiO2/SBA-15 Composite Photocatalysts for Photoreduction of CO2 to Methanol, Catal. Lett. 131: 381-387 (2009).
18
[19] Xia F., Ou E., Wang L., WangJ., Photocatalytic Degradation of Dyes Over Cobalt Doped Mesoporous SBA-15 Under Sunlight, Dyes Pigments 76:. 76-81 (2008).
19
[20] Lunawat P.S., Kumar R., Gupta N.M., Structure Sensitivity of Nano-Structured CdS/SBA-15 Containing Au and Pt Co-Catalysts for the Photocatalytic Splitting of Water, Catal. Lett. 121: 226-233 (2008).
20
[21] Jiang Q., Wu Z.Y., Wang Y.M., Cao Y., Zhou C.F., Zhu J.H., Fabrication of Photoluminescent ZnO/SBA-15 Through Directly Dspersing Zinc Nitrate Into the As-Pprepared Mesoporous Silica Occluded with Template, J. Mater. Chem., 16: 1536- 1542(2006).
21
[22] Gu F.N., Yue M.B., Wu Z.Y., Sun L.B., Wang Y., Zhu J.H., Enhanced Blue Emission from ZnS–ZnO Composites Confined in SBA-15, J. Luminescence 128: 1148-1154 (2008).
22
[23] Pouretedal H.R., Keshavarz M.H., Synthesis and Characterization of Zn1−XCuXS and Zn1−XNiXS Nanoparticles and Their Applications as Photocatalyst in Congo Red Degradation, J. Alloys Comp., 501: 130-135(2010).
23
[24] Pouretedal H.R., Narimany S., Keshavarz M.H., Nanoparticles of ZnS Doped with Iron as Photocatalyst Under UV and Sunlight Irradiation, Int. J. Mat. Res., 101: 1046-1051 (2010).
24
[25] Zu S., Wang Z., Liu B., Fan X., Qian G., Synthesis of Nano-CdxZn1−xS by Precipitate-Hydrothermal Method and Its Photocatalytic Activities, J. Alloys Comp., 476: 689-692 (2009).
25
[26] Pouretedal H.R., Eskandari H., Keshavarz M.H., Semnani A., Photodegradation of Organic Dyes Uing Nanoparticles of Cadmium Sulfide Doped with Manganese, Nckel and Copper as Nanophotocatalyst, Acta Chim. Slov., 56: 353- 361(2009).
26
[27] Gregg S.J., Sing K.S.W., "Adsorption, Surface Area and Porosity", 2nd ed., Academic Press, London, 1982.
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[29] Kruk, M., Antchshuk, V., Jaroniec, M., Sayari, A., New Approach to Evaluate Pore Size Distributions and Surface Areas for Hydrophobic Mesoporous Solids, J. Phys. Chem. B 103, p. 10670-10678 (1999).
29
[30] Movahedi M., Mahjoub A.R., Janitabar-Darzi S., Photodegradation of Congo Red in Aqueous Solution on ZnO as an Alternative Catalyst to TiO2, J. Iran. Chem. Soc., 6: 570-577(2009).
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[31] Jang J., Yu C.J., Choi S.H., Ji S.M., Kim E.S., Lee J.S., Topotactic Synthesis of Mesoporous ZnS and ZnO Nanoplates and Their Photocatalytic Activity, J. Catal., 254: 144-155 (2008).
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[32] Pouretedal H.R., Keshavarz M.H., Yosefi M.H., Shokrollahi A., Zali A., Photodegradation of HMX and RDX in the Presence of Nanocatalyst of Znc Slfide Doped with Copper, Iran. J. Chem. Chem. Eng. (IJCCE), 28: 13-19(2009).
32
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Application of Response Surface Methodology for Catalytic Hydrogenation of Nitrobenzene to Aniline Using Ruthenium Supported Fullerene Nanocatalyst
In this study fullerene functionalized using oleum (H2SO4·SO3), followed by the hydrolysis of the intermediate cyclosulfated fullerene as well as an oxidizing agent was employed to functionalize the fullerenes. Ruthenium was then added by the impregnation method or deposited on the functionalized fullerene. Subsequent to this step, Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was used to study the cumulative effect of various parameters including, pressure, temperature, time and loading. In order to maximize the hydrogenation of nitrobenzene (NB) to aniline (AN) these latter parameters were optimized. Furthermore, catalytic activity was evaluated over a temperature range of 25–150°C, hydrogen pressure of 1-30 atm, ruthenium content of 1-15%(w/w) and reaction time of 30-180 min in a bench scale reactor. The optimized model predicted that the hydrogenation should be at a maximum level (approximately 100%) with the following conditions; Ru loading of 15%, reaction temperature of 150 °C, reaction time of 180 min and hydrogen pressure of 22.33 atm.
https://ijcce.ac.ir/article_12677_f18b3ee9c9c8c587ab08868513875634.pdf
2015-03-01
21
32
10.30492/ijcce.2015.12677
Hydrogenation
Nitrobenzene
Aniline
Ruthenium
Fullerene
Response surface methodology
Hassan
Keypour
haskey1@yahoo.com
1
Faculty of Chemistry, Bu-Ali Sina University, P.O. Box 65175 Hamedan, I.R. IRAN
LEAD_AUTHOR
Mohammad
Noroozi
mo.noroozi@gmail.com
2
Center for Research and Development of Petroleum Technologies at Kermanshah, Research Institute of Petroleum Industry (RIPI), Kermanshah, I.R. IRAN
AUTHOR
Alimorad
Rashidi
rashidiam@ripi.ir
3
Research Institute of Petroleum Industry (RIPI), P.O. Box 14665 Tehran, I.R. IRAN
AUTHOR
Masoud
Shariati Rad
4
Faculty of Chemistry, Razi University, P.O. Box 6714 Kermanshah, I.R. IRAN
AUTHOR
[1] Rode C.V., Vaidya M.J., Jaganathan R., Chaudhari R.V., Hydrogenation of Nitrobenzene to p-Aminophenol in a Four-Phase Reactor: Reaction Kinetics and Mass Transfer Effects, Chem. Eng. Sci, 56:1299-1304 (2001).
1
[2] Lee L.T., Chen M.H., Yao C.N., Process for Manufacturing p-Aminophenol, US patent 4, 885,389 (1998).
2
[3] Chaudari R.V., Divekar S.S., Vaidya M.J., Rode C.V., Single Step Process for the Preparation of
3
p-Aminophenol, US patent 6,028,227 (2000).
4
[4] Figueras F., Coq B., Hydrogenation and Hydrogenolysis of Nitro-, Nitroso-, Azo-, Azoxy- and Other Nitrogen-Containing Compounds on Palladium, J. Mol. Catal. A Chem., 173:223-230 (2001).
5
[5] Torres C., Jablonski C., Baronetti E.L., Castro G.T., de Miguel S.R., Scelza O. A., et al., Effect of the Carbon Pre-treatment on the Properties and Performance for Nitrobenzene Hydrogenation of Pt/C Catalysts, J. Appl. Catal. Gen., 161: 213-226 (1997).
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[7] Lonza. First Chemical Co, Hydrocarbon Process, 59:136-143 (1979).
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[8] Szigeth L., Method for the Catalytic Hydrogenation of Organic Nitro Derivatives in the Gaseous State
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to Corresponding Amines, US patent 3,636,152 (1972).
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[9] Jurden Z., Process for the Catalytic Hydrogenation of Nitrobenzene, EP 011090 (1979).
11
[10] Adams E.G., Barker R.B., Lossett M.J., Flowers L.I., Co-Production of an Aromatic Monoamine and an Aromatic Diamine Directly from Benzene or a Benzene Derivative Tthrough Controlled Nitration, US Patent 4,740,621 (1986).
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[11] Cooke E.V., Thurlow H.J., Catalytic Hydrogenation of Nitro Aromatic Compounds to Produce the Corresponding Amino Compounds, US Patent 3,270,057 (1964).
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[12] Gonzalez R.A., Hydrogenation F Aromatic Nitro Compounds,US Patent 3,499,034 (1966).
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[13] Cossaboon K.F., Hydrogenation of Mixed Aromatic Nitrobodies, US Patent 4,185, 036 (1977).
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[14] Li C.H,, Yu Z.X., Yao K.F., Ji S.F., Liang J., Nitrobenzene Hydrogenation with Carbon Nanotube-Supported Platinum Catalyst Under Mild Conditions, Journal of Molecular Catalysis A. Chemical ., 226: 101-105 (2005).
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[15] Markus D., Gehlen V., Wershofen F. U., Andre L., Peter L., Benie W.M., Process for Preparing Aniline, US 7692042 (2010).
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[16] Panagiotou G.D., Tzirakis M.D., Vakros J., Loukatzikou L., Orfanopoulos M., Kordulis C., et al., Development of [60] Fullerene Supported on Silica Catalysts for the Photo-Oxidation of Alkenes, Appl.Catal.A., 372:16-25 (2010).
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[17] Hino T., Anzai T., Kuramoto N., Visible-Light Induced Solvent-Free Photooxygenations of Organic Substrates by Using [60] Fullerene-Linked Silica Gels as Heterogeneous Catalysts and as Solid-Phase Reaction Fields, Tetrahedron Lett., 47: 1429-1432 (2006).
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[18] Tzirakis M.D., Vakrosb J., Loukatzikouc L., Amargianitakisa V., Orfanopoulosa M., Kordulisb C., Lycourghiotis A., γ-Alumina-Supported [60]Fullerene Catalysts: Synthesis, Properties and Applications in the Photooxidation of Alkenes, J.Mol.Catal. A., 316: 65-74 (2010).
20
[19] Sulman E., Matveeva V., Semagina N., Yanov I., Bashilov V., Sokolov V., Catalytic Hydrogenation of Acetylenic Alcohols Using palladium Complex of Fullerene C60, J. Molecular Catal A: Chemical., 146: 257-263 (1999).
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[20] Coqa B., Planeixb J.M., Brotons V.A., Fullerene-Based Materials as New Support Media in Heterogeneous Catalysis by Metals, Appl. Catal. A., 173: 175-183 (1998).
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[21] Spassova I., Khristova M., Nickolov R., Mehandjiev D., Novel Application of Depleted Fullerene Soot (DFS) as Support of Catalysts for Low-Temperature Reduction of NO with CO, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 320: 186-193 (2008).
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[22] Bai Z., Shi M., Niu L., Li Z., Jiang L., Yang L., Facile Preparation f Pt-Ru Nanoparticles Supported on Polyaniline Modified Fullerene [60] for Methanol Oxidation, Journal Supported on Nanoparticle Research, 15: 11-17 (2013).
24
[23] Wei G., Wang L. H., Lin Y. J., Yi J., Chen H.B., Liao D. W., Novel Ruthenium Catalyst (K-Ru/C60/ 70) for Ammonia Synthesis, Chinese Chemical Letters, 10: 433-438 (1999).
25
[24] Manjon F., Santana M. M., Garcia F. D., Orellana, Guillremo Are Silicone- Supported [C60]- Fullerenes an Alternative to Ru(ii) Polypyridyls for Photodynamic Solar Water Disinfection, Photochemical and Photobiological Sciences, 13, 397-406 (2014).
26
[25] Pol S.V., Pol V.G., Frydman A., Churilov G.N., Gedanken A., Fabrication and Magnetic Properties of Ni Nanospheres Encapsulated in a Ffullerene-like Carbon, J. Phys. Chem. B., 109: 9495-9498(2005).
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[27] Trépanier M , Tavasoli. A., Anahid. Sanaz., Dalai. A, Deactivation Behavior of Carbon Nanotubes Supported Cobalt Catalysts in Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis, Iran. J. Chem. Chem. Eng. (IJCCE), 30:37-47 (2011).
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[28] Tavasoli A., Irani M., Nakhaeipour A., Mortazavi Y., Khodadadi A. A., Ajay K. D., Preparation of a Novel Super Active Fischer-Tropsch Cobalt Catalyst Supported on Carbon Nanotubes, Iran. J. Chem. Chem. Eng. (IJCCE), 28: 37-48 (2009).
30
[29] Fischer J.E., Heiney P.A., Smith A.B., Solid State Chemistry of Fullerene-Based Materials, Acc. Chem. Res., 25: 112-118 (1992).
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[30] Montgomery D.C., "Design and Analysis of Experiments", John Wiley Publishing Co. (1991).
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[31] Cestari A.R., Vieira E.F.S., Nascimento A.J.P., Santos Filha M.M., Airoldi C., Factorial Design Evaluation of Some Experimental Factors for Phenols Oxidation using Crude Extracts from Jackfruit (Artocarpus integrifolia), J. Braz. Chem. Soc, , 13: 260-265 (2002).
33
[32] Kincl M., Turk, S., Vrecer F., Application of Experimental Design Methodology in Development and Optimization of Drug Release Methodist. J. Pharm., 291: 39-49 (2005).
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[33] Chiang L.Y., Wang L.Y., Swirczewski J. W., Soled, S., Cameron, S., Efficient Synthesis of Polyhydroxylated Fullerene Derivatives via Hydrolysis of Polycyclosulfated Precursors., J. Org. Chem. 59: 3960-3968 (1994).
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[34] boul- Gheit A.K. A., The Role of Additives in the Impregnation of Platinum and Ruthenium on Alumina Catalysts, J. Chem. Tech. Biotechnol. 29: 480-486 (1979).
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[35] Aboul- Gheit A.K., "Aromatic Hydrogenation on Supported Bimetallic Combination", Inst. Francais du Petrole. Rep. No., 20874 (1973).
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[36] Saxby J.D., Chatfield S.P., Thermogravimetric analysis of Buckminsterfullernce and Related Materials in Air, J. Phys. Chem., 96:17-18 (1992).
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[37] "JCPDS Powder Diffraction File", International Centre for Diffraction Data, Swarthmore.
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[38] Nath, S., Chakdar, D., Gope G. Synthesis of CdS and ZnS Quantum Dots and Their Applications in Electronics, Nanotrends., A Journal of Nanotechnology and its Application., 2:1-3 (2007).
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[39] Nath S., Chakdar, D., Avasthi D., Novel Effect of 100 MeV Ni+ 7 Ion Beam on ZnS Quantum dots Prepared by Chemical Methods, Journal of Nanoelectronics and Optoelectronics., 3:1-4 (2006).
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[40] Das R., Nath S.S., Chakdar D., Gope G., Bhattacharjee R., Preparation of Silver Nanoparticles and Their Characterization Printable Document, Journal of Nanotechnology Online., 8:4-6 (2008).
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[42] Pavia, D. L., Lampman G. M., Kriz G.S., Vyvyan J.R., "Introduction to Spectroscopy", 4: 76-91 (2009).
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[43] Behr L.C., Kirby J.E., MacDonald R.N., Todd C.W., Synthesis of Alicyclic Diamines, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 68, 1296-1297 (1946).
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[44] Whitman G. M., Ruthenium Catalyzed Hydrogenation Process for Obtaining Aminocyclohexyl Compounds, US Patent. 2,606,925. (1952).
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[45] Nishimura S., Itaya T., Shiota M., Reactions of Cycloalkanones in the Presence of Platinum-Metal Catalysts and Hydrogen, Chem. Commun. (London), 422-423 (1967).
47
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Investigation of Thermodynamic Properties of Heavy Metals from Melting and Critical Point Properties
A statistical mechanical based equation of state has been employed to calculate the liquid density of lead, mercury, bismuth and lead-bismuth and lead-lithium eutectic alloys.The equation is basically that of Song, Mason and Ihm [Ihm G, Song Y, Mason EA. J. Chem. Phys.1991; 94: 3839] which is modified by Ghatee and Boushehri. Three temperature dependent parameters are required to use this equation of state. The second virial coefficient B2, an effective van der Waals co- volume, b and a correction factor a. B2 is predicted from a corresponding states correlation with two scaling parameters, melting point temperature, Tm and liquid density at melting point, rm. Liquid densities are predicted from melting point up to several hundred degrees above the melting point. The results are fairly consistent with experiment. In order to evaluate the correlation equation, Tao and Mason equation of state is applied to the above cited liquid metals and liquid density results are compared to the present equation. Obviously, the first equation acts better.
https://ijcce.ac.ir/article_12678_23c656a73199c5996581c58cbfbeb237.pdf
2015-03-01
33
38
10.30492/ijcce.2015.12678
heavy metals
Equation of state
Surface tension
Density
Leyla
Maftoon Azad
maftoon1@yahoo.com
1
Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Persian Gulf University, Bushehr, I.R. IRAN
LEAD_AUTHOR
[1] Morita K., Sobolev V., Flad M., Critical Parameters and Equation of State for Heavy Liquid Metals, Journal of Nuclear Materials, 362: 227-234 (2007).
1
[2] Stankus S. V., Khairulin R. A., Mozgovoy A.G., Roshchupkin V.V., Pokrasin M.A., The Density and Thermal Expansion of Eutectic Alloys of Lead with Bismuth and Lithium in Condensed State, J. Phys.: Conference Series, 98: 062017 (2008).
2
[3] Song Y., Mason E. A., Statistical-Mechanical Theory of a New Analytical Equation of State, J. Chem. Phys., 91: 7840-7854 (1989).
3
[4] Ihm G., Song Y., Mason E.A., A New Strong Principle of Corresponding States for Nonpolar Fluids , J. Chem. Phys., 94: 3839-3849 (1991).
4
[5] Tao F.M., Mason E.A., Statistical-Mechanical Equation of State for Nonpolar Fluids: Prediction of Phase Boundaries, Int. J. Thermophys., 13: 1053-1060 (1992).
5
[6] Boushehri A., Mason E.A., Equation of State for Compressed Liquids and Their Mixtures from the Cohesive Energy Density, Int. J. Thermophys., 14: 685-697 (1993).
6
[7] Sheikh S., Papari M.M., Boushehri A., Equation of State and Pressure-Volume-Temperature Properties of Refrigerants Based on Speed of Sound Data, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 41: 3247-3281 (2002).
7
[8] Ghatee M.H. and Boushehri A., Corresponding States Correlation for the Surface Tension of Molten Alkali Metals, Int. J. Thermophys.,16:1429-1438 (1995).
8
[9] Mehdipour N., Boushehri A., Equation of States for Molten Alkali Metals from Surface Tension. Part II, Int. J. Thermophys., 19: 331-340 (1998).
9
[10] Eslami H., Equation of State for Nonpolar Fluids: Prediction from Boiling Point Constants, Int. J. Thermophys., 21: 1123-1137 (2000).
10
[11] McQuarrie D.A., "Statistical Mechanics", Harper and Row, NewYork (1976).
11
[12] Weeks J. D., Chandler D. and Andersen H. C., Role of Repulsive Forces in Forming the Equilibrium Structure of Simple Liquids, J. Chem. Phys., 54: 5237-5247 (1971).
12
[13] Carnahan N.F., Starling K.E., Equation of State for Non-attracting Rigid Spheres, J. Chem. Phys., 51: 635-637 (1969).
13
[14] Sobolev V., Thermo-physical Properties of Lead and Lead-Bismuth Eutectic, J. Nucl. Mat., 362:235-347 (2007).
14
[15] JauchV., Haase G. and Schulz B., "Thermophysical Properties in the System Li-Pb, Part II: Thermophysical Properties of Li (17) Pb(83) Eutectic Alloy", Kernforschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe (1986).
15
[16] Vargaftik B., "Handbook of Physical Properties of Liquids and Gases", 2nd ed., Hemisphere, Washington, DC (1983).
16
[17] Alchagirov B.B., Shamparov T.M., Mozgovoi A.G., Experimental Investigation of the Density of Molten Lead–Bismuth Eutectic, High Temp, 41, "8th International Conference of Nuclear Microprobe Technology and Applications", 210-215 (2003).
17
[18] Cailletet L., Matthias E., "Recherchessur les Densités de GazLiquéfieset de LeursVapeursSaturées", Comp. Rend. Acad. Sc. (Paris),102: 1202-1207 (1886).
18
[19] Martynyuk M. M., Critical Constants of Metals, Russ. J. Phys. Chem., 57: 494-501 (1983).
19
[20] Hensel, F., Chem. Brit., 24: 457-458 (1988).
20
[21] Azad A.M., Critical Temperature of the Lead-Bismuth Eutectic (LBE) Alloy, J. Nucl. Mater., 341: 45-52 (2005).
21
[22] Morita K., Maschek W., Flad M., Tobita Y., Yamano H., Critical Parameters and Equation of State for Heavy Liquid Metals, J. Nucl. Sci. Tech., 43: 526-536 (2006).
22
[23] Sabzi F., Boushehri A., Application of ISM Equation of State for Polymer Solutions and Blends, Eur. Polymer J., 40: 1105-2698 (2004).
23
[24] Ghatee M. H. and BoushehriA., Equation of State for Compressed Liquids from Surface Tension, Int. J. Thermophys., 17: 945-957 (1996).
24
[25] Moghadasi J., Boushehri A., Maftoon L., Eslami H., An Analytical Equation of State for Alkaline Earth Metals, Int. J. Thermophys., 25: 893-908 (2004).
25
[26] Maftoon-Azad L., Boushehri A., Equation of State for Aluminum, J. Chem. Eng. Jpn., 39: 111-113 (2006).
26
[27] Yousefi F. and Kaveh M., Tao-Mason, Equation of State for Refractory Metals, Ind. J. Sci. & Tech., 5: 2364-2368 (2012).
27
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Efficient De-colorization of Methylene Blue by Electro-coagulation Method: Comparison of Iron and Aluminum Electrode
In this study, removal of methylene blue by electro-coagulation method using aluminum and iron electrodes was investigated. The influence of the operating parameters such as contact time, current density, anode type, inter-electrodes distance, initial and final pH and energy consumption rate was determined. Dye removal was increased with increases in solution pH, current density and contact time and then decreased for increase in initial dye concentration and electrodes distance. The results show that the electrochemical method has significant efficiency in removal of methylene blue, higher efficiency was observed for iron (Fe) electrode; namely 100% and 95.78% of dye was removed by iron and aluminum electrode; respectively, after 24 min contact time. For a given current density, the removal efficiency and energy consumption rate showed that iron electrode was superior to aluminum in removal of methylene blue. In the case of iron as anode type, the required energy for complete dye decolorization was 3.8 kWh/m3; for 98% dye removal, the required energy was observed to be 4.3kWh/m3 in the case of aluminum as anode type. In general, complete methylene blue can be removed at operating parameters condition of iron as anode, distance between electrodes of 1cm, solution pH of 9 and current density of 50 A/m2 for 24 min electro-coagulation time.
https://ijcce.ac.ir/article_12679_3110d27981e90713cbc56bb28fa1478a.pdf
2015-03-01
39
47
10.30492/ijcce.2015.12679
Electro-coagulation
Methylene blue
Iron electrode
Aluminum electrode
Mostafa
Alizadeh
1
Student's Scientific Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, I.R. IRAN
AUTHOR
Esmail
Ghahramani
2
Department of Kurdistan Environmental Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, I.R. IRAN
AUTHOR
Mansur
Zarrabi
mansor62@gmail.com
3
Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, I.R. IRAN
AUTHOR
Sara
Hashemi
hashemi9450@muq.ac.ir
4
Student Research Committee, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, I.R. IRAN
LEAD_AUTHOR
[1] Jun-xia Y., Bu-hai L., Xiao-mei S., Yuan J., Ru-an C., Adsorption of Methylene Blue and Rhodamine B
1
on Bakerís Yeast and Photocatalytic Regeneration of the Biosorbent, Biochemical Engineering Journal, 45 (2): 145-151 (2009).
2
[2] Asha S., Thiruvenkatachari V., Decolorization of Dye Wastewaters by Biosorbents: A Review, Journal of Environmental Management, 91 (10): 1915-1929 (2010).
3
[3] Arh-Hwang C., Shin-Ming C., Biosorption of Azo Dyes from Aqueous Solution by Gutaraldehyde-Crosslinked Chitosans, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 172 (2-3): 1111-1121(2009).
4
[4] Mohammad Reza S., Mansur Z., Mohammad N.S., Reza P., Maryam F., Removal of Acid Red 14 by Pumice Stoneas a Low Cost Adsorbent: Kinetic
5
and Equilibrium Study, Iranian Journal of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering (IJCCE), 31 (3): 19-27 (2012).
6
[5] Ali Reza R., Mansur Z., Mohammad Reza S., Abbas A., Hamid Reza G., Degradation of Azo Dye Reactive Black 5 and Acid Orange 7 by Fenton-Like Mechanism, Iranian Journal of Chemical Engineering (IJCCE), 7 (1): 87-94 (2010).
7
[6] Reza S., Vahid V., Mansur Z., Akram V., Adsorption of Acid Red 18 (AR18) by Activated Carbon from Poplar Wood: A Kinetic and Equilibrium Study, E-J Chemistry, 7 (1): 65-72 (2010).
8
[7] Mohammad Reza S., Mansur Z., Mohammad N.S., Abdeltif A., Gholam Hossein S., Saied B., Application of Acidic Treated Pumice as an Adsorbent for the Removal of Azo Dyefrom Aqueous Solutions: Kinetic, Equilibrium and Thermodynamic Studies, Journal of Environmental Health Science and Engineering, 9 (1): 9-16 (2012).
9
[8] Ozlem T., Hacer T., Zumriye A., Potential Use of Cotton Plant Wastes for the Removal of Remazol Black B reactive dye, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 163 (1): 187-198 (2009).
10
[9] Xubiao L., Youcai Z., Yining H., Lixia Y., Xinman T., Shenglian L., Removal of Water-Soluble Acid Dyes from Water Environment Using a Novelmagnetic Molecularly Imprinted Polymer, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 187 (1-3): 274-282 (2011).
11
[10] Magdalena G., Zbigniew H., Efficient Removal of Acid Orange 7 Dye from Water Using the Strongly Basic Anionexchange Resin Amberlite IRA-958, Desalination, 278 (1-3): 219-226 (2011).
12
[11] Hua F., Jin S.Y., Tong G.G., Hong Li Y., Removal of a Low-Molecular Basic Dye (Azure Blue) from Aqueous Solutions by a Native Biomass of a Newly Isolated Cladosporium sp.: Kinetics, Equilibrium and Biosorption Simulation, Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers, 43 (3): 386-392 (2012).
13
[12] Mohammad Reza S., Mansur Z., Abdeltif A., Mohammad N.S., Mehdi N., Saied N., Ahmad Z., Kinetics of Degradation of Two Azo Dyes from Aqueous Solutions Byzero Iron Powder: Determination of the Optimal Conditions, Desalination and Water Treatment, 40 (3): 137-143 (2012).
14
[13] Khalid B.M., Edward S., Grey Water Treatment by a Continuous Process of an Electrocoagulation Unitand a Submerged Membrane Bioreactor System, Chemical Engineering Journal, 198–199 (6): 201-210 (2012).
15
[14] Mikko V., Heli K., Martti P., Aimo O., Mika S., Removal of Toxic Pollutants from Pulp Mill Effluents by Eectrocoagulation, Separation and Purification Technology, 81 (2): 141-150 (2011).
16
[15] Ilona H., Wolfgang C., Removal of Cr(VI) from Model Wastewaters by Electrocoagulation with Fe Electrodes, Separation and Purification Technology, 81 (2): 15-21 (2011).
17
[16] Inoussa Z., Jean-Pierre L., Hama A.M., Joseph W., Francois L., Removal of Hexavalent Chromium from Industrial Wastewater Byelectrocoagulation: A Comprehensive Comparison of Aluminumand Iron Electrodes, Separation and Purification Technology, 66 (1): 159-166 (2009).
18
[17] Behbahani M., Alavi Moghaddam M.R., Arami M.A., Comparison between Aluminum and Iron Electrodes on Removal of Phosphate from Aqueous Solutions by Electrocoagulation Process, International Journal of Environmental Research, 5 (2): 403-412 (2011).
19
[18] Nezamaldin D., Hossien A.S., Kasiri M.B., Decolorization of Dye Solution Containing Acid Red 14 by Electrocoagulation with a Comparative Investigationof Different Electrode Connections, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 112 (1-2): 55-62 (2004).
20
[19] Ashraf S., Elmira P., Manouchehr N., Mokhtar A., Removal of Co (II) from Aqueous Solution by Electrocoagulation Process Using Aluminum Electrodes, Desalination, 279 (1-3): 121-126 (2011).
21
[20] Feryal A., Ayse K., Decolorization of Levafix Brilliant Blue E-B by Electrocoagulation Method, Environmental Progress & Sustainable Energy, 30 (1): 29-36 (2011).
22
[21] Marius S.S., Igor C., Stelian P., An Experimental Study of Indigo Carmine Removal from Aqueous Solution by Electrocoagulation, Desalination, 277 (1-3): 227-235 (2011).
23
[22] Nezamaldin D., Hossien A.S., Tizpar A., Decolorization of Orange II by Electrocoagulation Method, Separation and Purification Technology, 31 (2): 153-162 (2003).
24
[23] Hanafi F., Assobhei O., Mountadar M., Detoxification and Discoloration of Moroccan Olive Mill Wastewater by Electrocoagulation, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 174 (1-3): 807-812 (2010).
25
[24] Basiri Parsa J., Rezaei Vahidian H., Soleymani A.R., Abbasi M., Removal of Acid Brown 14 in Aqueous Media by Electrocoagulation: Optimization Parameters and Minimizing of Energy Consumption, Desalination, 278 (1-3): 295-302 (2011).
26
[25] Asaithambi P., Modepalli S., Saravanathamizhan R., Manickam M., Ozone Assisted Electrocoagulation for the Teatment of Distillery Effluent, Desalination, 297 (6): 1-7 (2012).
27
[26] Chantaraporn P., Suprangpak P., Warangkana T.,Benjawan K., Thanawin N., Electrocoagulation of Blue Reactive, Red Disperse and Mixed Dyes and Application in Treating Textile Effluent, Journal of Environmental Management, 91 (4): 918-926 (2010).
28
[27] Kumar P.R., Chaudhari S., Khilar K.C., Mahajan S.P., Removal of Arsenic Fromwater by Eectrocoagulation, Chemosphere, 55 (9): 1245-1252 (2004).
29
[28] Wei-Lung C., Removal and Adsorption Characteristics of Polyvinyl Alcohol from Aqueoussolutions Using Electrocoagulation, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 177 (1-3): 842-850 (2010).
30
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Effects of Modified Pyrolysis Tar on Gas Desulphurization Performance
The paper introducedeffects of modified pyrolysis tar on flue gas desulfurization. This experiment selected the pyrolysis tar as the raw material, researched the effects on desulfurization performance under different modification solution, concentration, solid liquid ratio of pyrolysis tar and modified solution, calcination temperature and calcination time by 16 group orthogonal experiments. The results showed that: (1) The significance of five factors impact on the modified pyrolysis tar desulfurization performance in order was: types of the modified solution > modification solution concentration > calcination time > solid-liquid ratio > calcination temperature. (2) The modified effects of nitric acid and phosphoric acid were better. (3) The higher nitrate concentration, the better modified effect of pyrolysis tar. (4) The rate of desulfurization increased mainly associated with acidic groups on the surface of the pyrolysis tar, desulfurization performance get better along with the acidic groups increasing.
https://ijcce.ac.ir/article_12681_9cec8b7711603a60751cde2c4846205f.pdf
2015-03-01
49
56
10.30492/ijcce.2015.12681
Flue gas desulfurization
Sulfur dioxide
Modified pyrolysis tar
Boehm titration
Zhang
Lei
leizh1981@shou.com
1
School of Geology and Environment, Xi’an University of Science and Technology, Xi’an, 710054, CHINA
LEAD_AUTHOR
Li
Chen
2
School of Geology and Environment, Xi’an University of Science and Technology, Xi’an, 710054, CHINA
AUTHOR
Dong
Wei-Heng
3
School of Geology and Environment, Xi’an University of Science and Technology, Xi’an, 710054, CHINA
AUTHOR
[1] YangYang, "Sulfur Dioxide Reduction Technology and the Flue Gas Desulfurization ngineering", Metallurgical Industry Press,Beijing, p.23 (2004).
1
[2] Su Qingqing, Development of Coal-Fired Flue Gas Desulfurization Technology, Wuhan Institute of Chem-Ical Technology, 27: 56 (2005).
2
[3] HanYu, The Research Progress on Flue Gas Desulfu- Rization, Energy Saving and Environmental Protection, 2: 78 (2005).
3
[4] Liu Zonghao, SO2 Pollution Situation and Technology in China, Liaoning Urban and Rural Environmental Science and Technology, 3: 23 (2003).
4
[5] Lei Jingjing, Qiang Min, Yang Juanjuan, et al., Study on Desulfurization and Denitrification by Modified Columnar Activated-coke, Industrial Safety and Environmental Protection, 7: 92 (2014).
5
[6] Weixing, TangXishan, The Development and Utilization of Flue Gas Treatment Technology Based on Pyrolysis Tar, Worldmetals, 9: 9 (2014).
6
[7] ChenKaidong, YanQijie, ShenBaicheng, The Mecha- Nism of Modified Semi-Coke in Process of SO2 Removal from Flue Gases, Journal of Fuel Chemistry and Technology, 25: 175 (1997).
7
[8] Li Zhihong, The Efect of Preparation and Regeneration Process on Flue Gas Denitrification Performance of the Semi-Coke Adsorbent, Environmental Pollution and Control, 6: 99 (2004).
8
[9] Zhang Shouyu, Zhu Tingyu, CaoYan, SO2 Removal from Flue Gas Using Active Coke from Coal, Journal of Fuel Chemistry and Technology, 9: 201 (2001).
9
[10] Shang Guanju, Yang Zhi, Miao Maoqian, The SO2 Adsorbent Prepared by the Oxidation with HNO3 from Lignite Semi-Coke, Taiyuan University of Science Technology, 38: 229 (2007).
10
[11] Zhang Shouyu, Lv Junfu, Yue Guangxi, The Effect of the Chemical Characteristics on the De-SO2 Capability of Active Coke, Journal of Environmental Science, 23: 317 (2003).
11
[12] Wang Peng, Zhang Hailv, Progress in Surface Chemical Modification of Activated Carbon for Absorption, Carbon Techniques, 126: 23 (2003).
12
[13] Fan Yanzhen, Wang Baozhen, Activated Carbon Surface Chemistry, Coal Conversion, 2: 26 (2000).
13
[14] MaoLei, Tong Shitang, Wang Yu, Discussion on the Boehm Titration Method Used in Analysis of Surface Oxygen Functional Groups on Activated Carbon, Carbon Techniques, 20: 17 (2011).
14
[15] Meng Guanhua, Li Aimin, Zhang Quanxing, Studies on the Oxygen-Containing Groups of Activated Carbon and Their Effects on the Adsorption Character, Ion Exchange and Adsorption, 23: 88 (2007).
15
[16] Alicia M Oickle, Sarah L Goertzen, Katelyn R Hopper, et al., Standardization of the Boehm titration, Part Ⅱ.Method of Agitation, Effect of Filtering and Dilute Titrant, Carbon, 48: 3313 (2010).
16
[17] Zhang Jun, Lin Xiaofen, Yin Jiamin, Experimental Research on the Desulphurization Performance of Biomass Char, Journal of Engineering Thermo Physics, 26: 537 (2005).
17
[18] TangQiang, Zhang Zhigang, Fan Yuesheng, Experi- Mental Studies on Selective Adsorption by Activated Carbon for SO2 and NO en the Flue Gas, Thermal Power Generation, 12: 53 (2003).
18
[19] ZhaoYi, Ma Shuangchen, Li Yan zhong, The Experi Mental Investigation of Desulfurization and Deniterfication from Flue Gas by Absorbents Based on Fly Ash, Proceedings of the CSEE, 22: 108 (2002).
19
[20] Schroder E, Thomauske K, Weber C, et al., Experiments on the Generation of Activated Carbon from Biomass, Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 79: 106 (2007).
20
[21] Li Lanting, XieWei, Liang Daming, Mechanism of Removal of SO2 and NO on Activated Coke. Environmental Science and Technology, 33: 79 (2010).
21
[22] Zheng Xianrong, Li Chunhu, Fang Jinghua, Removal of SO2 from Flue Gas using Modified Semi-coke, The Environmental Pollution and Control, 27: 498 (2004).
22
[23] Qiao Jinhong, Zhao Wei, Xie Kechang, Study of Coal Char Adsorption Capacity. Journal of Taiyuan University of Science and Technology,, 34: 635 (2005).
23
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
The Study of Ion Adsorption by Amorphous Blast Furnace Slag
In this study, the blast furnace slag was used as absorbing bed and then, its ionic adsorption was studied. For this reason, various experimental parameters such as pH, contact time and the primary ion concentration were investigated. The remaining concentrations of ions such as; Mn2+ and Fe2+ in water were measured by atomic adsorption spectroscopy. The chemical and phase composition of slag, before and after ion removal, was investigated. SEM, FTIR, XRD, and EDAX, was used to have a clear understanding of the mechanism of ions removal by slag. The results showed that the removal mechanism of metal ions is carried by adsorption and ion exchange processes. The ionic radius is one of the determining parameters on the process at higher concentration of ions. This study demonstrates that steel slag can be considered as a viable and cost-effective alternative to commercial activated carbon or ion-exchange resins.
https://ijcce.ac.ir/article_12683_3078e1cc87460a40caa2eaec1e0f37c2.pdf
2015-03-01
57
64
10.30492/ijcce.2015.12683
Blast furnace slag
Adsorption
Ionic exchange
Phase composition
Mohammad Reza
Nilforoushan
m_r_nilforoushan@yahoo.com
1
Faculty of Engineering, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, I.R. IRAN
LEAD_AUTHOR
Sasan
Otroj
2
Faculty of Engineering, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, I.R. IRAN
AUTHOR
Nasrien
Talebian
3
Faculty of Science, Islamic Azad University, Shahreza Branch, Shahreza, I.R. IRAN
AUTHOR
[1] Nilforoushan M.R., Otroj S., Absorption of Lead Ions by Various Types of Steel Slag, Iran. J Chem. Chem. Eng. (IJCCE), 27: 69-75 (2008).
1
[2] Doremus R.H., Mehrotra Y., Lanford W.A., Burman C., Reaction of Water with Glass: Influence of a Transformed Surface Layer, J. Mater. Sci., 18:612-622 (1983).
2
[3] Schnatter K.H., Doremus R.H., Lanford W.A., Hydrogen Analysis of Soda-Lime Silicate Glass,
3
J. Non-Cryst. Solids, 102: 11-15 (1988).
4
[4] Scholze H., Non-Cryst. Solids J., Durability Investigation of Siliceous Man-Made Mineral Fibers: a Critical Review, 102: 1-17 (1998).
5
[5] Bunker B.C., Molecular Mechanisms for Corrosion of Silica and Silicate Glasses, J. Non-Cryst. Solids, 179: 300-308 (1994).
6
[6] Cailleteau C., Angeli F., Devreux F., Gin S., Jestin J., Jollivet P., Spalla O., Insight Into Silicate- Glass Corrosion Mechanisms, Nat. Mater., 7: 978-983 (2008).
7
[7] Davis K.M., Tomozawa M., Water Diffusion into Silica Glass: Structural Changes in Silica Glass and Their Effect on Water Solubility and Diffusivity, J. Non-Cryst. Solids, 185: 203-220 (1995).
8
[8] Griffiths D.R., Feuerbach A.M., The Conservation of Wet Medieval Window Glass: A Test Using an Ethanol and Acetone Mixed Solvent System, JAIC, 40: 125-136 (2001)
9
[9] Koenderink G.H., Brzesowsky R.H., Balkenende A.R., Effect of the Initial Stages of Leaching on the Surface of Alkaline Earth Sodium Silicate Glasses, J. Non-Cryst. Solids, 262: 80-98 (2000).
10
[10] Pavelchek E.K., Doremus R.H.,Static Fatigue in Glass - A Reappraisal, J. Non-Cryst. Solids, 20: 305-321 (1976).
11
[11] Vilarigues M., da Silva R.C., The Effect of Mn, Fe and Cu Ions on…and IR Spectroscopy, J. Non-Cryst. Solids, 352: 5368-5375 (2006).
12
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[16] Doremus R.H., "Diffusion and Reactive Molecules in Solids and Melts", (Wiley Interscience, New York, (2002)
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[17] Liritzis I., A New Obsidian Hydration Dating Method: Analysis and Theoretical Principles, Archaeometry, 48: 533-547 (2006).
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[19] Katsoyiannis I.A., Zouboulis A.I., Biological Treatment of Mn(II) and Fe(II) Containing Groundwater: Kinetic Considerations and Product Characterization, J. Wat. Res., 38:1922-1932 (2004).
20
[20] Roccaro P., Barone C., Mancini G., Vagliasindi F.G.A., Removal of Manganese from Water Supplies Intended for Human Consumption: a Case Study, J. Desalin., 210: 205-214 (2007).
21
[21] Gu Z., Fang J., Deng B., Preparation and Evaluation of GAC-Based Iron Containing Adsorbents for Arsenic Removal, Environ. Sci. Technol., 39, 3833-3843 (2005).
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[22] Bong-Yeon Cho, Iron Removal Using an Aerated Granular Filter, Process Biochemistry, 40: 3314-3320 (2005).
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[24] Zhou D., Zhang L., Zhou J., Guo S., Cellulose/Chitin Beads for Removal of Heavy Metals in Aqueous Solution, J. Wat. Res., 38: 2643-2651 (2004)
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30
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Biosorption of Uranium (VI) from Aqueous Solution by Pretreated Aspergillus niger Using Sodium Hydroxide
The removal of uranium and any other heavy metals from wastewater might be achieved via several chemical or physical treatment techniques. Biosorption process has been considered as a potential alternative way to remove contaminants from industrial effluents. Moreover the surface of biosorbent was characterized by SEM. The biosorption characteristics of uranium (VI) on pretreated A. niger were evaluated as a function of pH (3.0-7.0), biomass concentration (0.05-0.4 g dry biomass/100 mL), initial uranium concentration (10-500 mg/L) and contact time (30-1440 min). The results revealed that the optimum pH was 5.0 for the adsorption of U(VI) by pretreated A. niger. The maximum adsorption capacity of U (VI) by pretreated A. niger in concentration less than 100mg/L uranium was increased significantly in comparison with live and dead biomass of A. niger. The metal removal was rapid with 86.4% metal sorption (43.2 mgU/g dry biomass) taking place in 30 min and the equilibrium was achieved in 240 min. The maximum uranium removal was 98.43% (16.41 mgU/g dry biomass) in concentrations 0.3g dry biomass/100mL. Adsorption process could be well defined by Langmuir isotherm with R2 values 0.985. The kinetic data fitted through the pseudo-second-order kinetic model with the R2 value of 0.998.
https://ijcce.ac.ir/article_12684_46e7bf48a1bdb91e62a64075f89ebbf8.pdf
2015-03-01
65
74
10.30492/ijcce.2015.12684
Biosorption
Uranium
Pretreate d aspergillus niger
kinetic model
Solat
Sana
1
Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, P.O. Box 11365-9465, Tehran, I.R. IRAN
AUTHOR
Reza
Roostaazad
roosta@sharif.edu
2
Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, P.O. Box 11365-9465, Tehran, I.R. IRAN
LEAD_AUTHOR
Soheila
Yaghmaei
yaghmaei@sharif.edu
3
Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, P.O. Box 11365-9465, Tehran, I.R. IRAN
AUTHOR
[1] Bai J., H Yao F., Fan M., Lin L., Zhang H., Biosorption of Uranium by Chemically Modified Rhodotorula Glutinis, J. Environ. Radioact., 101: 969-973 (2010).
1
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2
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4
[5] Dursun A., Comparative Study on Determination of the Equilibrium, Kinetic and Thermodynamic Parameters of Biosorption of Copper (II) and Lead (II) Ions Onto Pretreated, Aspergillus niger, Biochem. Eng. J., 28: 187-195 (2006).
5
[6] Muhamad H., Doan H., Lohi A., Batch and Continuous Fixed-Bed Column Biosorption of Cd2+ and Cu2+, Chem. Eng. J., 158: 369-377 (2010).
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7
[8] Naddafi K., Nabizadeh R., Saeedi R., Mahvi A. H., Vaezi F., Yaghmaeian K., Ghasri A., Nazmara S., Biosorption of Lad(II) and Cadmium(II) by Protonated Sargassum Glaucescens Biomass in a Continuous Packed Bed Column, J. Hazard. Mater., 147: 785-791(2007).
8
[9] Bashardoost R., Vahabzadeh F., Shokrollahzadeh S., Sorption Performance of Live and Heat-Inactivated Loofa-Immobilized Phanerochaete chrysosporium in Mercury Removal from Aqueous Solution, Iran. J. Chem. Chem. Eng. (IJCCE), 29(4): 79-89 (2011).
9
[10] Kuber C., Bhainsa S.F., D’Souza., Removal of Copper Ions by the Filamentous Fungus, Rhizopus Oryzae from Aqueous Solution, Bioresour. Technol., 99: 3829-3835 (2008).
10
[11] Khani M.H.; Keshtkar A.R.; Meysami B.; Zarea, M.F.; Jalali, R., Biosorption of Uranium from Aqueous Solutions by Nonliving Biomass of Marinealgae Cystoseira Indica, Electron. J. Biotechnol., 9: 100-106 (2006).
11
[12] Akar T., Tunali S., Kiran I., Botrytis Cinerea as a New Fungal Biosorbent for Removal of Pb(II) from aqueous solutions, Biochemistry Eng. J., 25: 227-235(2005).
12
[13] Ahluwalia S.S., Goyal D., Microbial and Plant Derived Biomass for Removal of Heavy Metals from Wastewater, Bioresour. Technol. 98: 2243-2257(2007).
13
[14] Cabuk A., Ilhan S., Filik C., Caliskan F., Pb2+ Biosorption by Pretreated Fungal Biomass, Turk. J. Biol., 29: 23-28(2005).
14
[15] Yan G., Viraraghavan T., Heavy Metal Removal from Aqueous Solution by Fungus Macro Rouxii , Water. Res, 37:4486-4496 (2003).
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[16] Chen X.C., et al., Determination of Copper Binding in Pseudomonas Putida CZ1 by Chemical Modifications and X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 74: 881-889 (2007).
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[17] Margarete Kalin W. N., Wheeler G., The Removal of U from Mining Wastewater Using Algal/Microbial Biomass, J. Environ. Radioact, 78: 151-177(2004).
17
[18] Nuhoglu Y., Oguz E., Removal of Copper (II) from Aqueous Solutions by Biosorption on the Cone Biomass of Thujaorientalis, Process. Biochem., 38: 1627-1631 (2003).
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[21] Mukhopadhyay M., Noronha S. B., Suraishkumar G.K., Kinetic Modeling for the Biosorption of Copper by Pretreated Aspergillus Niger Biomass, Bioresour. Technol., 98: 1781–1787 (2007).
21
[22] Tsekova K., Todorova D., Dencheva V., Ganeva S., Biosorption of Copper (II) and Cadmium (II) from Aqueous Solutions by Free and Immobilized Bbiomass of Aspergillus Niger, Bioresour. Technol., 101: 1727-1731 (2010).
22
[23] Dajjanutat P., Promkotras S., Kaewkan netra P., Biosorption and Desorption of Cadmium from Contamitated Water Using Kaialgae of Cladophora spp as Biosorption in Biofilter, Queen Siriki National Conversion Center Bangkok Thailand, 52: 72-80 (2009).
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[24] Jianlong W., Xinmin Z., Decai D., Ding Z., Bio Absorption of Lead (II) from Aqueous Solution by Fungal Biomass of Aspergillus. Niger., Biotechnol. J., 87: 273-277 (2001).
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[25] Ahmad I. M., Ansari I., Aqil F., Biosorption of Cr and Cd by Metal Tolerant Aspergillus sp and Penicillium sp Using Single and Multi-Metal Solution, Indian J. Exp. Biol,. 44(1):73-76 (2006).
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[26] Chubar N., Carvalho J.R., Correia M.J.N., Heavy Metals Biosorption on Cork Biomass Effect of the Pretreatment, Physicochem. Eng. J., 238: 51-58 (2004).
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[29] Dang V. H., Doan H. D., Dang T., Lohi A., Equilibrium and Kinetics of Biosorption of Cadmium (II) and Copper (II) Ions by Wheat Straw, Bioresour. Technol., 54: 102-112 (2008).
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[30] Li X., Liao D., Xu X., Yang Q., Zerg G., Zheng W., Guo L., Kinetic Studies for the Biosorption of Lead and Copper Ions by Penicillium Sinplicissimum Immobilized Biomass, J. Hazard. Mater., 73: 234-241 (2008).
30
[31] Çabuk A., Akar T., Tunali S., Gedikli S., Biosorption of Pb(II) by Industrial Strain Saccharomyces Cerevisiae Immobilized on the Biomatrix of Cone Biomass of Pinus Nigra: Equilibrium and Mechanism Analysis, Chem. Eng. J., 131: 293–300(2007).
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[32] Gok C., Aytas S., Biosorption of U (VI) from Aqueous Solution Using Calcium Alginate Beads, J. Hazard. Mate., 168: 369-375 (2009).
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[33] Parab H., Joshi S., Shenoy N., Verma R., Lali A., Sudersanan M., U Removal from Aqueous Solution by Coir Pith: Equilibrium and Kinetic Studies, Bioresour. Technol., 96: 1241-1248 (2005).
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[35] Khani M.H., Keshtkar A.R., Ghannadi M., Pahlavanzadeh H., Equilibrium Kinetic and Thermodynamic Study of the Biosorption of U Onto Cystoseria Indica Algae, J. Hazard. Mater., 150: 612-618 (2008).
35
[36] Saxena S., Prasad M., D’Souza S.F., Radiionuclide Sorption Onto Low-Cost Mineral Adsorbent, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 45: 9122-9128 (2006).
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[37] Vikas S., Bhat a.b., Meloa J.S., Chaugule B.B., D’Souza S.F., Biosorption Characteristics of U (VI) from Aqueous Medium Onto Catenella Repens a Red Alga, J. Hazard. Mate., 158: 628-635 (2008).
37
[38] Sana S., Roostaazad R., Yaghmaei S., Biosorption of Uranium from Aqueous Solution by Live and Dead Aspergillus Niger, J. Hazard. Toxic Radioact. Waste., 18(3),(july2014).
38
[39] Lebeau T., Bagot D., Jézéquel K., Fabre B., Cadmium Biosorption by Free and Immobilised Microorganisms Cultivated in a Liquid Soil Extract Medium: Effects of Cd, pH and Techniques of Culture, Sci. Total. Environ., 291: 73-83 (2002).
39
[40] Cui Panga b.c., Yun.Hai L. A., Xiao Hong C., Min L., Gou Lin H., Rong H., Biosorption of U(VI) from Aqueous Solution by Dead Fungal Biomass of Penicillium Citrinum., Chem. Eng. J., 170: 1-6 (2011).
40
[41] Ulay G., Glu B., Elik G.C., Arica M., Studies on Accumulation of Uranium by Fungus Lentinus Sajor-Caju, Journal of Hazardous Materials,136 : 345–353 (2006).
41
[42] Xie S., Yang J., Chen C., Zhang X., Wang Q., Zhang C., Study on Biosorption Kinetics an Thermodynamics of Uranium by Citrobacter Freudii, Journal of Environmental, 21: 296-302 ( 2008).
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[43] Volesky B., Biosorption Process Simulation Tools, Original Research Article Hydrometallurgy, 71:179-190 (2003).
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[45] Bhat S. V., Melo J.S,. Chaugule B.B., D’Souza S.F., Biosorption Characteristics of Uranium(VI) from Aqueous Medium onto Catenella Repens a Red Alga, J.Hazard. Mate.,158:628-635 (2008).
45
[46] Wang J.S., Hu X.J., Liu Y.G., Xie S.B., Bao Z.L., Biosorption of Uranium (VI) by Immobilized Aspergillus Fumigatus Beads, Chem. Eng. J., 170: 1–6 (2011).
46
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Transport Properties of Refrigerant Mixtures: Thermal Conductivity
In the present work, the integral equations method is used to calculate transport properties of polar fluids. For this goal, we use the Stockmayer potential and examine theoretically the thermal conductivity of several refrigerant mixtures such as R125+R134a, R125+R32, R125+R152a, R134a+R32, R152a+R32, R134a+R143a, and R125+R143a. We solve numerically the Ornstein-Zernike (OZ) equation using the Hypernetted Chain (HNC) approximation for binary fluid mixtures and obtain the pair correlation functions. Finally, the temperature dependence of thermal conductivity is studied using Vesovic-Wakeham method and compared with available results.
https://ijcce.ac.ir/article_12685_313947fea87a641ae77930314913c50b.pdf
2015-03-01
75
85
10.30492/ijcce.2015.12685
Transport property
Thermal conductivity
Refrigerant mixtures
Binary mixtures
Reza
Khordad
rezakh2025@yahoo.com
1
Department of Physics, College of Sciences, Yasouj University, P.O. Box 75914-353 Yasouj, I.R. IRAN
LEAD_AUTHOR
Bahare
Mirhosseini
2
Department of Physics, College of Sciences, Yasouj University, P.O. Box 75914-353 Yasouj, I.R. IRAN
AUTHOR
[1] Hansen J.P., MacDonald I.R., "Theory of Simple Liquids", Academic, London, (1986).
1
[2] Gray C.G., Gubbins K. E., "Theory of Molecular Fluids", Oxford University, London, (1984).
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[3] Perera A., Patey G. N., The Solution of the Hypernetted-Chain and Percus–Yevick Approximations for Fluids of Hrd Spherocylinders, J. Chem. Phys. 89: 5861-5867 (1988).
3
[4] Dijkstra M., Roij R.V., Entropy-Driven Demixing in Binary Hard-Core Mixtures: From hard Spherocylinders Towards Hard Spheres, Phys. Rev. E, 56:5594-5601 (1997).
4
[5] Moradi M., Khordad R., Direct cCorrelation Functions of Binary Mixtures of Hard Gaussian Oerlap Molecules, J. Chem. Phys. 125: 214504-214510 (2006).
5
[6] Zhou X., Chen H., Iwamoto M., Orientational Order in Binary Mixtures of Hard Gaussian Overlap Molecules, J. Chem. Phys. 120:1832-1838 (2004).
6
[7] Gay J.G., Berne B.J., Modification of the Overlap Potential to Mimic a Linear Site-Site Potential, J. Chem. Phys. 74: 3316-3322 (1981).
7
[8] Khordad R., Viscosity of Lennard-Jones Fluid: Integral Equation Method, Physica A 387: 4519-4530 (2008).
8
[9] Papari M. M., Khordad R., Akbari Z., Further Property of Lennard-Jones Fluid: Thermal Conductivity, Physica A, 388: 585-592 (2009).
9
[10] Khordad R., Hosseini F., Papari M. M., Shear Viscosity of Stockmayer Fluid: Application of Integral Equations Method to Vesovic-Wakeham Scheme, Chem. Phys., 360: 123-131 (2009).
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[11] Blum L., Solution of a Model for the Solvent-Electrolyte Interactions in the Mean Spherical Approximation, J. Chem. Phys. 61: 2129-2133 (1974).
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[12] Klapp S.H., Patey G.N., Integral Equation Theory for Dipolar Hard Sphere Fluids with Fluctuating Orientational Order, J. Chem. Phys. 112: 3832-3839 (2000).
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[19] Allen M.P., Tildesley D.J., "Computer Simulation of Liquids", Oxford University, Press, Oxford, (1987).
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[21] Sadus R., Molecular Simulation of Fluids. «Theory Algorithms and Object Orientation», Eleveier, (1999).
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[22] Alavi Fazel S.A., Jamialahmadi M., Safekordi A. K., Experimental Investigation in Pool Boiling Heat Transfer of Pure/Binary Mixtures and Heat Transfer Correlations, Iran. J. Chem. Chem. Eng. (IJCCE), 27: 135-150 (2008).
22
[23] Khorsand Movagar M.R., Rashidi F., Goharpey F., Mirzazadeh M., Aman E., Effect of Elasticity Parameter on Viscoelastic Fluid in Pipe Flow Using Extended Pom-Pom Model,Iran. J. Chem. Chem. Eng. (IJCCE), 29: 83-94 (2010).
23
[24] Ziabasharhagh M., Mosallat F., Shahnazari M. R., Experimental Investigation of the Permeability and Inertial Effect on Fluid Flow through Homogeneous Porous Media, Iran. J. Chem. Chem. Eng. (IJCCE), 27: 33-38 (2008).
24
[25] Ghazanfari M.H., Rashtchian D., Kharrat R., Vossough S., Transport Property Estimation of Non-Uniform Porous Media, Iran. J. Chem. Chem. Eng. (IJCCE), 28: 28-42 (2009).
25
[26] Fries P. H., Patey G. N., The Solution of the Hypernetted-Chain Approximation for Fluids of Nonspherical Particles. A General Method with Application to Dipolar Hard Spheres, J. Chem. Phys. 82: 429-436 (1985).
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[27] Caillol J.M., Weis J.J., Patey G.N., Molecular Theory of Orientationally Ordered Liquids: Exact Formal Epressions and the Aplication of Integral-Equation Methods with Results for Ferrofluids, Phys. Rev. A, 38: 4772-4780 (1988).
27
[28] Moradi M., Khordad R., Binary Fluid Mixture of Hard Ellipses: Integral Equation and Weighted Density Functional Theory, Physica A, 384: 187-198 (2007).
28
[29] Gao G.T., Wang W., Zeng X.C., Gibbs Ensemble Simulation of HCFC/HFC Mixtures by Effective Stockmayer Potential, Fluid Phase Equilib. 158: 69-78 (1999).
29
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[31] Perera A., Kusalik P. G., Patey G. N., The Solution of the Hypernetted Chain and Percus–Yevick Approximations for Fluids of Hard Nonspherical Particles. Results for Hard Ellipsoids of Revolution, J. Chem. Phys., 87:1295-1302(1987).
31
[33] Sandler S. I., Fiszdon J. K., On the Viscosity and Thermal Conductivity of Dense Gases, Physica A, 95: 602-608 (1979).
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[34] Vesovic V., Wakeham W. A., The Transport Properties of Ethane. II. Thermal Conductivity, High Temp. High Press., 23: 179-192 (1991).
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[37] Royal D.D., Vesovic V., Trusler J.P.M., Wakeham W.A., Predicting the Viscosity of Liquid Refrigerant Blends: Comparison with Experimental Data, Int. J. Refrigeration, 28: 311-319 (2005).
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[38] Royal D.D., Vesovic V., Trusler J.P.M., Wakeham W.A., Prediction of the Viscosity of Dense Fluid Mixtures, Mol. Phys., 101: 339-352 (2003).
37
[39] Moghadasi J., Aghaei D. M., Papari M. M., Predicting Gas Transport Coefficients of Alternative Refrigerant Mixtures, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 45: 9211-9223 (2006).
38
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
CFD Investigation of Gravitational Sedimentation Effect on Heat Transfer of a Nano-Ferrofluid
In the present attempt, flow behavior and thermal convection of one type of nanofluids in a disc geometry was investigated using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). Influence of gravity induced sedimentation also has been studied. The commercial software, Fluent 6.2, has been employed to solve the governing equations. A user defined function was added to apply a uniform external magnetic field. Obtained results showed that the critical value for Rayleigh number is near 1708, so simulations are in good agreement with the theoretical value for critical Rayleigh number. In addition, it was found that gravity causes separation of phases and sedimentation of nanoparticles, besides, increase in natural convection due to presence of gravity, leads to heat transfer enhancement. In addition, results indicate that, thermal forces are able to disrupt agglomerates when ratio of thermal energy to dipole-dipole contact energy becomes more than unity.
https://ijcce.ac.ir/article_12686_b82a371ad3369159ad5fc70a89b07d4f.pdf
2015-03-01
87
96
10.30492/ijcce.2015.12686
CFD Simulation
Thermal convection
Heat Transfer
Gravitational sedimentation
Nano-ferrofluid
Arezou
Jafari
ajafari@modares.ac.ir
1
Chemical Engineering Department, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, I.R. IRAN
LEAD_AUTHOR
Ali
Shahmohammadi
2
Chemical Engineering Department, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, I.R. IRAN
AUTHOR
Seyyed Mohammad
Mousavi
mousavi_m@modares.ac.ir
3
Chemical Engineering Department, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, I.R. IRAN
AUTHOR
[1] Choi S.U.S., Eastman J.A., Enhancing Thermal Conductivity of Fluids with Nanoparticles, In: "International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exhibition", San Francisco, CA (United States), 12-17 Nov (1995).
1
[2] Davarnejad R., Mohammadi Ardehali R., Modeling of TiO2-water Nanofluid Effect on Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop, International Journal of Engineering, 27(2): 195-202 (2014).
2
[3] Subramaniyan A.L., Kumaraguruparan G., Venkatesan R., Vignesh A., Selection of Nanofluid for Heat Transfer Applications from Existing Models of Thermal Conductivity, Nano Dimension, 5(3): 213-222 (2014).
3
[4] Rosensweig R.E., “Ferrohydrodynamics”, 2nd ed. Dover Publications Inc., New York, (1997).
4
[5] Borglin S.E., Moridis G.J., Oldenburg C.M., Experimental Studies of the Flow of Ferrofluid in Porous Media, Transport in Porous Media, 41(1): 61-80 (2000).
5
[6] Keblinksi P., Phillpot S.R., Choi S.U.S., Eastman J.A., Mechanisms of Heat Flow in Suspensions of Nano-Sized Particles (Nanofluids), Heat and Mass Transfer, 45: 855–863 (2002).
6
[7] Blums E., Maiorov M.M., Cebers A., “Magnetic Fluids”. Zinatne, Riga, (1989).
7
[8] Bozhko A.A., Putin G.F., Heat Transfer and Flow Patterns in Ferrofluid Convection, Magnetohydrodynamics, 39 (2): 147-169 (2003).
8
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[17] Abbasi F., Rahimzadeh H., Applying a Modified Two-Fluid Model to Numerical Simulation of Two-Phase flow in the Membrane Chlor-Alkali Cells, Iranian Journal of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering (IJCCE), 27(3): 51-61 (2008).
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[21] Shahmohammadi A., Jafari A., Application of Different CFD Multiphase Models to Investigate Effects of Baffles and Nanoparticles on Heat Transfer Enhancement, Frontiers of Chemical Science and Engineering, 8(3): 320-329 (2014).
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[25] Jafari A., Tynjälä T., Mousavi, S.M., Sarkomaa P., CFD Simulation and Evaluation of Controllable Parameters Effect on Thermomagnetic Convection in Ferrofluids Using Taguchi Technique. Computers and Fluids, 37: 1344-1353 (2008).
25
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Computational Simulation of Ablation Phenomena in Glass-filled Phenolic Composites
A one–dimensional, transient and thermal degradation model for predicting responses of composite materials when are exposed to the fire is presented. The presented model simulates ablation of composites with different layers of materials and considers material properties as functions of temperature. The reactions are modeled by using Arrhenius-type parameters and density-temperature diagrams which are obtained by specific experimental techniques such as thermogravimetric analysis. This transient thermal model has been implemented in form of a computer code by means of new numerical methods in order to predict the temperature distribution in the liner, the amount of char and erosion, and the liner thickness variations with time. By using implemented computer code, ablation phenomena in a glass-filled phenolic composite has been simulated with the same parameters of a similar experiment. The results are in a good agreement with the experimental data and the model can successfully be used in the design of thermal protection shields as an aid of material and thickness selection.
https://ijcce.ac.ir/article_12687_2c396f1bcdfe0b8ad24b0fcefccd0bfd.pdf
2015-03-01
97
106
10.30492/ijcce.2015.12687
Ablative composite
thermal degradation
Heat and mass transfer
Mathematical modeling
Behnaz
Aghaaliakbari
aghaaliakbari@yahoo.com
1
Iranian Institute of Research and Development in Chemical Industries (IRDCI), Iranian Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research (ACECR), P. O. Box 13145-1494, Tehran, I.R. IRAN
LEAD_AUTHOR
Abbas
Jafari Jaid
a.jafari.jaid@gmail.com
2
Iranian Institute of Research and Development in Chemical Industries (IRDCI), Iranian Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research (ACECR), P. O. Box 13145-1494, Tehran, I.R. IRAN
AUTHOR
Mir Ali Asghar
Zeinali
3
Iranian Institute of Research and Development in Chemical Industries (IRDCI), Iranian Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research (ACECR), P. O. Box 13145-1494, Tehran, I.R. IRAN
AUTHOR
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2
[3] Dhakal H.N., Zhang Z.Y., Nick Bennett, Influence of Fibre Treatment and Glass Fbrehybridisation on Thermal Degradation and Surface Energy Characteristics of Hemp/Unsaturated Polyester Composites, Composites, Part B: Engineering 43(7): 2757-2761 (2012).
3
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16
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Optimal Operation of a Three-Product Dividing-Wall Column with Self-Optimizing Control Structure Design
This paper deals with optimal operation of a three-product Dividing-Wall Column (DWC). The main idea is to design a control structure, through a systematic procedure for plantwide control, with an objective to achieve desired product purities with the minimum use of energy. Exact local method is used to find the best controlled variables as single measurement or combination of measurements based on the idea of self-optimizing control. It concluded that it is possible to have better self-optimizing properties by controlling linear combinations of measurements than by controlling conventional individual measurements. Dynamic validation showed that the proposed control structure with the aid of low-complexity simple PI controller stabilized the plant, rejected the effect of disturbances and made DWC to produce product with desired specifications.
https://ijcce.ac.ir/article_12688_7169073fcaa3f121ceb375d185864739.pdf
2015-03-01
107
117
10.30492/ijcce.2015.12688
Dividing-wall column
Optimal operation
Self-optimizing control
Systematic plantwide control design
Control structure design
Alireza
Arjomand
1
Department of Chemical Engineering, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, I.R. IRAN
AUTHOR
Mohammad Ali
Fanaei
fanaei@ferdowsi.um.ac.ir
2
Department of Chemical Engineering, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, I.R. IRAN
LEAD_AUTHOR
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