ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
The Effect of Coking on Kinetics of HDS Reaction under Steady and Transient States
A study was made of the coking of a commercial fresh sulfide Ni-Mo/Al2O3 catalyst in a fixed-bed reactor. The catalyst was coked using different coke precursors in the gas oil under accelerated conditions at temperatures of 400 to 450°C to yield different deactivated catalysts containing 2-20 wt% C. Two cases were studied; crushed catalyst without diffusional resistance and extruded pellets with diffusional resistance. Physical properties and catalytic activities of the coked catalysts were measured using the thiophene sulfur removal in the gas oil.It is concluded that coking occurs by selective deactivation on hydrotreating catalyst and the experimental results of the catalyst activity under different operating conditions, obey a power law as a function of the coke cantent. In the pellet catalyst showed a lower rate of coking and deactivation in comparison to the catalyst without diffusional resistance. It is inferred that high level of coke content ( higher than 12 wt% C) affects the tortusity factor of the catalyst,considerably.In the study of transient deactivation, initial activity of the catalyst was derived by a time variable function, then this equation was used in dynamic model of hydrodesulfurization reaction in a packed bed reactor to determine the activity change of the catalyst in the reactor during actual operational conditions.
https://ijcce.ac.ir/article_7639_dfd00287bd05dd39bc5cd23b80a93a25.pdf
2004-12-01
1
11
10.30492/ijcce.2004.7639
Hydrodesulfurization
Coking
Hydrotreating catalyst
Activity function
Shohreh
Fatemi
shfatemi@ut.ac.ir
1
Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Tehran, P. O. Box 11365-4563, Tehran, I.R. IRAN
LEAD_AUTHOR
Giti
Abolhamd
2
Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Tehran, P. O. Box 11365-4563, Tehran, I.R. IRAN
AUTHOR
Mohammad Ali
Moosavian
3
Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Tehran, P. O. Box 11365-4563, Tehran, I.R. IRAN
AUTHOR
Yadollah
Mortazavi
4
Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Tehran, P. O. Box 11365-4563, Tehran, I.R. IRAN
AUTHOR
[1] Leglise J., Finot, L., Van Gestel, J. N. M. and Duchet, J. C., “Conversion of Model Sulfur Compounds to Characterize Hydrodesulfurization Co-Mo/Al2O3 Catalyst, in B. Delmon, G. F. Froment and P. Grange (eds.)” Hydrotreating and Hydrocracking of Oil Fractions, Elsevier, 127, 51 (1999).
1
[2] Muegge B. and Massoth, F. E., “Comparison of Hydrotreating Catalyst Deactivation by Coking With Vaccum Gas Oil vs. Anthracene, in C. H. Bartholomew and Butt, J. B., (eds.), “Catalyt Deactivation”, Elsevier, 68,297 (1991).
2
[3] Richardson, S. M., Nagaishi, H. and Gray, M.R., “Initial Coke Deposition on Ni-Mo/g-Al2O3 Bitumene Hydroprocessing Catalyst”, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 35, 3940 (1996).
3
[4] Froment, G. F., “Coke Formation in Catalytic Process; Kinetics and Catalyst Deactivation”, in C. H. Bartholomew and G. A. Fuentes (eds.) “Catalyst Deactivation”, Elsevier, 126 ,53(1997).
4
[5] Gorra, F., Scribano, G., Christens, P., Andersen, K. V. and Casaro, O. G., “ New Catalyst Improved Presulfiding Results in 4+ Year Hydrotreatment”, Oil & Gas J., 23 Aug., 39 (1993).
5
[6] Lulic P., Zrncevic, S., Meider, H. and Sevdic, D., “The Relation Between the Quality of Catalyst and Feedstock in Hydrotreating Process”, in D. L. Trimm, S. Akashah, M. Absi-Halabi, and A. Bishara (eds.), “Catalysts in Petroleum Refining”, Elsevier, 451(1989).
6
[7] Furimsky, E. and Massoth, F. E., “Deactivation of Hydroprocessing Catalysts”, Cat. Today, 52, 381(1992).
7
[8] Smith, J. M., “Chemical Engineering Kinetics”, McGraw-Hill, New York,265 (1981).
8
[9] Krishna, A. K., Diffusional Influences on Catalyst Deactivation, Catal. Rev. Sci. Eng., 32 (4),279 (1991).
9
[10] Takalsuka, T., Wada, Y. and Inone, S., “A Catalyst Deactivation Model For Residual Oil HDS and Application to Deep HDS of Diesel Fuel”, Ame. Chem. Soc., 414 (1996).
10
[11] Fogler, H. S., “Elements of Chemical Reaction Engineering”, Prentice- Hall, p. 738 (1992).
11
[12] Fatemi, Sh., Abolhamd, G., Moosavian, M.A. and Mortazavi, Y., "The Empirical model of HDS reaction from gas oil by Ni-Mo/Al2O3 Catalysts", The Fifth National Congress of Chemical Eng., Shiraz, April, 24-27 (2000).
12
[13] Petersen, E. E., “The Fouling of Catalysts; Experimental Observation and Modeling” in E.E. Petersen and A. T. Bell (eds.), “ Catalyst Deactivation” Marcel Dekker,(1987).
13
[14] Fatemi Sh., Abolhamd, G., Moosavian, M.A. and Mortazavi, Y., “Investigation and Comparison of Ni-Mo/Al2O3 Catalysts Activity in Hydrode-sulfurization Reaction of Thiophene in Gas Oil”, J. Faculty Eng., 35 (2), 169 (2001).[15] Fatemi, Sh., “Determination of Deactivating Parameters of HDS Catalysts and Their Effects on Kinetic Model at Steady and Transitional State”, Ph. D. Dissertation , Dep. of Chemical Eng., Faculty of Eng., University of Tehran, (2001).
14
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Rejection of the Feed-Flow Disturbances in a Multi-Component Distillation Column Using a Multiple Neural Network Model-Predictive Controller
This article deals with the issues associated with developing a new design methodology for the nonlinear model-predictive control (MPC) of a chemical plant. A combination of multiple neural networks is selected and used to model a nonlinear multi-input multi-output (MIMO) process with time delays. An optimization procedure for a neural MPC algorithm based on this model is then developed. The proposed scheme has been tested on a model of an 18-plate multi-component distillation column. The algorithm provides excellent disturbance rejection for this process.
https://ijcce.ac.ir/article_8134_6692984a133dff071266e56ce02b0cf4.pdf
2004-12-01
13
23
10.30492/ijcce.2004.8134
Multi-component distillation column
Neural Networks
Nonlinear Model-predictive control
Hooshang
Jazayeri Rad
jazayerirad@put.ac.ir
1
The Petroleum University of Technology, P.O. Box 63431, Ahwaz, I.R. IRAN
LEAD_AUTHOR
[1] Billings, S.A. and Fakhouri, S.Y., Automatica, 18, 15 (1982).
1
[2] Leontardis, I. J. and Billings, S.A., Int. J. Contorl. 41, 303 (1985).
2
[3] Temeng, K. O., Schnelle, P.D. and McAvoy, T. J., Journal of Process Control, 5, 19 (1995).
3
[4] Lennox, B., Montague, G. A., Frith, A. M., Gent, G. and Beuan, V., Journal of Process Control, 11, 497 (2001).
4
[5] Duarte, M., Suarez, A. and Bassi, D., Powder Technology, 115, 193 (2001).
5
[6] Show, A. M. and Doyle, F. J., Journal of Process Control, 7, 255 (1997).
6
[7] Franks, R. G. E., John Wiley & Sons, “Modeling and Simulation in Chemical Engineering”, pp. 249-254 (1972).
7
[8] Garcia, C. E. and Morshedi, A. M., Cehm. Eng. Commun., 46, 073 (1986).
8
[9] Baharin, I. B. Hasan, M. D., Advances in Engineering Software, 22, 191 (1995).
9
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Numerical Prediction of Temperature Distribution in Transient RTM Process
Resin Transfer Molding (RTM) is a composite manufacturing process. A preformed fiber is placed in a closed mold and a viscous resin is injected into the mold. In this paper, a model is developed to predict the flow pattern, extent of reaction and temperature change during filling and curing in a thin rectangular mold. A numerical simulation is presented to predict the free surface and its interactions with heat transfer and cure for flow of a shear-thinning resin through the preformed fiber. To verify the model, the temperature profiles for preformed fiber have been calculated, and compared with the experimental results of other researchers. The results showed that, to optimize better quality of production of composite materials, while considering the effect of curing on temperature distribution during the process, the heat dispersion term should not be neglected.
https://ijcce.ac.ir/article_8135_e7977c5f30392da76c4bd17f51192d44.pdf
2004-12-01
25
32
10.30492/ijcce.2004.8135
Resin Transfers Molding (RTM)
Porous media
Composites processing
Curing
Mohammad Reza
Shahnazari
mshahnazari@nri.ac.ir
1
Mechanical Engineering Department, K.N.T University of Technology, Tehran, I.R. IRAN
LEAD_AUTHOR
Abbas
Abbasi
2
Mechanical Engineering Department, Amirkabir University of Technology, I.R. IRAN
AUTHOR
Majid
Soltani
3
Mechanical Engineering Department, K.N.T University of Technology, Tehran, I.R. IRAN
AUTHOR
[1] Bruscke, M.V. and Advani, S.G. “A numerical Approach to model, Non-isothermal, viscous flow with free surface through fibrous media” Int. J. Numer. Methods Fluids, 19, P. 575 (1994).
1
[2] Liu, B. and Advani, S.G. “Operator splitting scheme for 3-D flow approximation” Computational Mechanics, J., 38, P. 74 (1995).
2
[3] C. Tucker. C.L. and Dessenberger. R.B., “Governing equations for flow and heat transfer in stationary fiber beds” In flow and Rheology in Polymer Composites Manufacturing, chap.8,edited by, S.G. Advani, Elsevier, Amsterdam, p. 257-323 (1994).
3
[4] Dessenberger, R. D. and Tucker, C. L., “ Thermal dispersion in resin transfer molding”, polymer composites, 16 (6) 495 (1995).
4
[5] Mal, O., Couniut, A. and Depert, F., “ Non-isothermal simulation of the resin transfer molding process”, Composites part A, 29,p. 180 (1998).
5
[6] Castro. J. and Macosko. C., “Studies of mold filling and curing in the reaction injection molding process”, AIChe., J. 2000, 28, 250 (1982).
6
[7] Shahnazari, M.R., Abbassi, A., Transient Numerical Simulation of Non-Isothermal process of RTM, proccedings of 4th ASME/JSME joint Fluid Engineeing, FEDSM`03, july 6-11 Hawaii, USA, (2003).
7
[8] Kaviany, M., Principle of Heat Transfer in Porous Media, Springer-Verlag, New York, (1991).
8
[9] Hsiao, K.T., Loudorn, H. and Advani, S. G., Experimental investigation of heat dispersion due to impregnation of viscous fluids in heated fibrous porous during composites processing, Journal of Heat Transfer, 123, P. 178 (2001).
9
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Improved Synthesis of Vasicinone
A new, high yielding method for the preparation of vasicinone (7) is described. Reaction of 2-nitrobenzoic acid with N, N¢-carbonyldiimidazole followed by 2-pyrrolidinone gave 1-(2-nitrobenzoyl)pyrrolidine-2-one (3). Reduction of the latter with 10% Pd-C afforded deoxyvasicinone (4). Reaction of deoxyvasicinone (4) with bromine yielded monobromo-deoxyvasicinone (5). Exchange of bromine of 5 with acetoxy followed by hydrolysis gave vasicinone in high yield.
https://ijcce.ac.ir/article_8136_5f735c46c0d77073fb31d436c9691f44.pdf
2004-12-01
33
36
10.30492/ijcce.2004.8136
Vasicinone
Synthesis
Monobromodeoxyvasicinone
Acetylvasicinone
Vahid
Ziaee
1
Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center , Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 14155-6451, Tehran, I.R. IRAN
AUTHOR
Hasan
Jalalizadeh
2
Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center , Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 14155-6451, Tehran, I.R. IRAN
AUTHOR
Mehrdad
Iranshahi
3
Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center , Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 14155-6451, Tehran, I.R. IRAN
AUTHOR
Abbas
Shafiee
ashafiee@ams.ac.ir
4
Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center , Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 14155-6451, Tehran, I.R. IRAN
LEAD_AUTHOR
[1] Cambridge, G.W., Jansen, A.B.A., and Jarman, D.A., Nature 196, 1217(1962).
1
[2] Fan, Z., Yao, X., Gu, L., Wang, J., Wang, J., He, A., Zhang, B., Wang, X., and Wang, H., Shenyang Yaoxueyuan Xuebao, 10, 136(1993), Chem. Abstr., 120, 86203Z(1994) .
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[3] Jen, T., Dienel, B., Dowalo, F., Hoeven, H.V., Bender, P., and Love, B., J. Med. Chem., 16, 633(1973).
3
[4] Gupta, O.P., Sharma, M.L., Ghatak, B. J., Ray, and Atal, C. K., Indian J. Med. Res., 66, 680(1977).
4
[5] Bhide, M.B., Naik, P.Y., Mahajani, S.S., Ghooi, R.B., and Joshi, R.S. Bull. Haffkine Inst. 2, 6 (1974), Chem.Abstr. 82 , 38618p (1975).
5
[6] Chandhok, N., Indian Drugs, 24, 425(1987).
6
[7] Morris, R.C., Hanford, W.E., and Adams, R.,J. Am. Chem. Soc., 57, 951(1935).
7
[8] Onaka,T., Tetrahedron Lett., 4387(1971).
8
[9] Kametani, T., Loc, C.V., Higa, T., Koizumi, M., Ihara, K., and Fukumoto, K., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 99, 2306, (1977).
9
[10] Mori, M., Kobayashi, H., Kimura, M., and Ban, Y., Heterocycles, 23, 2803(1985).
10
[11] Egushi, S., Suzuki, T., Okawa, T., and Matsushita, Y. J., Org. Chem., 61, 7316(1996).
11
[12] Thurston, D. E. and Langley, D. r., J. Org. Chem., 51, 705(1986).
12
[13] Finucane, B. W., and Thomson, J. B., Chem. Commun., 1220(1969).
13
[14] Bhalerao, U.T., and Papoport, H., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 93, 4835(1971).
14
[15] Umbreit, M.A., and Sharpless K.B., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 99, 5526(1977).
15
[16] Corey, E.J., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 75, 2301(1953).
16
[17] Marshall, J.A., Andersen, N.H., and Johnsen, P.C., J. Org. Chem., 35, 86(1970).
17
[18] Johnson, W.S., Bass, J.D., and Williamson, K.L., Tetrahedron, 19, 861(1963).
18
[19] Zhang, P.,Liu, R., and Cook, J.M., Tetrahedron Lett., 36, 3103(1955).
19
[20] Boyd, R.E., and Rasmussen, R., Press, J. B. Synth. Commun., 25, 1045(1995).
20
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Microwave Assisted Selective Synthesis of four Chromanones Via Biscyclization Method in the Presence of Polyphosphoric Acid and Crystal Structure Determination of Their Dicarboxylic Acids
Microwave irradiation is used in the synthesis of four tricyclic chromanones 11-14. The chromanone 14 and 12 are selectively formed thermally and under microwave in the presence of polyphosphoric acid (PPA) from the same dicarboxylic acid 9, respectively. The crystal structures of the two diacids are also reported. The corresponding ortho and meta isomers of diacids crystallize in the space group Pbca of the orthorhombic system and C2/c of the monoclinic system respectively, with 8 and 4 molecules in the unit cells of dimensions a = 4.9955(1) Å and 4.8092(4) Å; b = 19.177(4) Å and 11.5609(1) Å; c = 25.885(5) Å and 21.247(2) Å; α = 90˚ and β = 91.214(3)˚ respectively. The structures have been refined to final values for the crystallographic R factors of 0.0401 and 0.0247, based on 2146 and 1030 observed independent reflections, respectively.
https://ijcce.ac.ir/article_8137_f327b22ba144e09d1a2bbb34474db926.pdf
2004-12-01
37
44
10.30492/ijcce.2004.8137
Chromanone
Dicarboxylic Acid
Biscyclization
Microwave
Crystal structure
Abbas
Shockravi
abbas_shockravi@yahoo.co.uk
1
Faculty of Chemistry, Teacher Training University, P.O. BOX 15614, Tehran, I.R. IRAN
LEAD_AUTHOR
Robabeh
Alizadeh
2
Faculty of Chemistry, Teacher Training University, P.O. BOX 15614, Tehran, I.R. IRAN
AUTHOR
Hossein
Aghabozorg
3
Faculty of Chemistry, Teacher Training University, P.O. BOX 15614, Tehran, I.R. IRAN
AUTHOR
Leyla
Hossein Mohebbi
4
Faculty of Chemistry, Teacher Training University, P.O. BOX 15614, Tehran, I.R. IRAN
AUTHOR
Saeed
Moradi Koochi
5
Faculty of Chemistry, Teacher Training University, P.O. BOX 15614, Tehran, I.R. IRAN
AUTHOR
Abolghasem
Moghimi
abmoghimi@yahoo.com
6
Department of Chemistry, Imam Hossein University, Tehran, I.R. IRAN
AUTHOR
[1] Koch, K. and Biggers, M. S., J. Org. Chem. (1994), 59, 1216; (b) Lockhart, I. M., In Chromanes, Chromenes and Chromones, Ed. Ellis, G.P., John Wiley, (1997).
1
[2] Shockravi, A. and Moradi, K. S., MSc. Thesis, Teacher Training University, (1999).
2
[3] Kelly, T. R., Chandsakumar, N. S. and Saha, J. K., J. Org. Chem., 54, 980 (1989).
3
[4] Reitsch, F. C., Schrmitz, C. and Aubru, J. M., Tetrahedron Lett., 32, 3845 (1991); ibid, Rossekelly, T., 29, 3545 (1988).
4
[5] Christopfel, W. C. and Miller, L. L. J., Org. Chem., 49, 5198 (1984).
5
[6] Shockravi, A. and Bruce, J. M., J. Sci. I. R. Iran., 7, 21 (1996).
6
[7] Shockravi, A. and Jahanbin Sardrudi, H., Iran. J. Chem. & Chem. Eng., 18, 24 (1999).
7
[8] Shockravi, A. and Kodaean, S. M., Teacher Training University, J. Science, 2 (3&4) p. 67 (2003).
8
[9] Camps, F., Coll, J., Messeguer, A., Pericas, M. A., Ricart, S., Bowers, W. S. and Soderlund, D. M., Synthesis, 725 (1980).
9
[10] Sato, K., Lin, Y. S. and Amakasu, T., Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn., 42, 2600 (1969).
10
[11] Subramanian, R. S. and Balasubamanian, K. K., J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun., 1469 (1990).
11
[12] Mingos, D. M. P. and Baghurst, D. R., Chem. Soc. Rev., 20, 1 (1991).
12
[13] Gabriel, C., Gabriel, S., Grant, E. H., Halstead, B. S. J. and Mingos, D. M. P., Chem. Soc. Rev., 27, 213 (1998).
13
[14] Caddik, S., Chem. Soc. Rev., 16, 10404 (1995).
14
[15] (a)Bruker (1998a) SAINT+, Program for data reduction and correction, ver. 6.01; Bruker Axs, Madison, Wisconsin, USA; (b) Bruker (1998b) SMART,Bruker molecular analysisresearch tool, ver.5.059; Bruker Axs, Madison, Wisconsin, USA; (c) Sheldrick,G. M. (1998a), SADABS ,Bruker/ Siemens area detector absorption correction program, ver.2.01; Bruker Axs, Madison, Wisconsin, USA; (d) Sheldrick, G.M.(1998b), SHELXTL,Structure determination software suite, ver.5.10; Bruker Axs, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
15
[16] Lynch, D. E., Smith, G., Byriel, K. A. and Kennard, C.H. L., Aust. J. Chem.,51, 1019 (1998).
16
[17] Leiserowitz, L., Acta Crystallogr. Sect. B, 32, 775 (1976).
17
[18] Rheingold, A. L., Baldacchini, C. J. and Grote, C. W., J. Crystallogr. Spectrosc. Res., 19, 25 (1989).
18
[19] Frankenbach, G. M., Britton, D. and Etter, M. C., Acta Crystallogr. Sect.C., 47, 553 (1991).
19
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
A More Accurate Prediction of Liquid Evaporation Flux
In this work, a more accurate prediction of liquid evaporation flux has been achieved. The statistical rate theory approach, which is recently introduced by Ward and Fang and exact estimation of vapor pressure in the layer adjacent to the liquid–vapor interface have been used for prediction of this flux. Firstly, the existence of an equilibrium layer adjacent to the liquid-vapor interface is considered and the vapor pressure in this layer and its thickness calculated. Subsequently, by using the Fick’s second law, an appropriate vapor pressure expression for the pressure of equilibrium layer is derived and by this expression and the statistical rate theory approach, evaporation flux is predicted more accurately than the previous work. Finally, some novel steady state evaporations are simulated and the effects of both liquid and vapor temperature and the effect of the length of the evaporation chamber on the evaporation flux are investigated.
https://ijcce.ac.ir/article_8138_37f373c8d1320c4e1963c9175a86f46e.pdf
2004-12-01
45
53
10.30492/ijcce.2004.8138
Evaporation
condensation
flux
Statistical rate theory
water
Liquid interface
Vapor pressure
Koroush
Khosravi Darani
koroush@sci.ui.ac.ir
1
Department of Chemistry, University of Isfahan, P.O. Box 81746-73441, Isfahan, I. R. IRAN
LEAD_AUTHOR
Hassan
Sabzyan
sabzyan@sci.ac.ir
2
Department of Chemistry, University of Isfahan, P.O. Box 81746-73441, Isfahan, I. R. IRAN
AUTHOR
Asghar
Zeini-Isfahani
3
Department of Chemistry, University of Isfahan, P.O. Box 81746-73441, Isfahan, I. R. IRAN
AUTHOR
Gholamabbas
Parsafar
4
Department of Chemistry, Sharif University of Technology, P.O. Box 11365-9516, Tehran, I. R. IRAN
AUTHOR
[1] Knudsen, M., Molecular resistance encountered by a plate moving in gas, Ann. Phys. Leipzig, 47, 641 (1915).
1
[2] Shankar, P.N., A kinetic theory of steady condensation, J. Fluids Mech., 40, 385 (1970).
2
[3] Pao, Y.P., Temperature and density jumps in the kinetic theory of gases and vapors, Phys. of Fluids, 14, 1340 (1971).
3
[4] Sone, Y., Onishi, Y., Kinetic theory of evaporation and condensation, J. Phys. Soc. Japan, 44, 1981 (1978).
4
[5] Gajewski, P., Kulicki, A., Wisneiski, A., Zgorzelski, M., Kinetic theory approach to the vapor-phase phenomena in a nonequilibrium condensation process, Phys. of Fluids, 17, 321 (1974).
5
[6] Siewert, C.E., Thomas Jr, J.R., Half-space problems in the kinetic theory of gases, Phys. of Fluids, 16, 1557 (1973).
6
[7] Cipolia Jr., J.W., Lang, H., Loyolka, S.K., Kinetic theory of condensation and evaporation, J. Chem. Phys., 61, 69 (1974).
7
[8] Arkeryd, L., Nouri, A., A condensation-evaporation problem in kinetic theory, SIAM J. Math. Anal., 29, 30 (1998).
8
[9] Ward, C.A., Fang, G., Expression for predicting liquid evaporation flux: statistical rate theory approach, Phys. Rev. E, 59, 429 (1999).
9
[10] Ward, C.A., Fang, G., Temperature measured close to the interface of an evaporating liquid, Phys. Rev. E, 59, 417 (1999).
10
[11] Tung, L.N., Drickaner, H.G., Diffusion through an interface – binary system, J. Chem. Phys., 20, 6 (1952).
11
[12] Bird, R.B., Stewart, W.E., Lightfoot, E.N., “Transport Phenomena”, Wiley, New York (1966).
12
[13] Hirschfelder, J.O., Curtiss, C.F., Bird, R.B., “The Molecular Theory of Gases and Liquids”, Wiley, New York, (1954).
13
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
A Conductometric Urea Biosensor by Direct Immobilization of Urease on Pt Electrode
Urease was immobilized on platinum electrode both by chemical binding and electropolymerization.The conductometric urea biosensor thus prepared showed a detection limit of 4.9×10-5 M and linear dynamic range from 4.9×10-5 to 5.8×10-3 M for urea concentration when the enzyme is covalently immobilized on Pt electrodes. Conductometric transducers respond to the changes in ionic strength thereby leading to uncontrolled inaccuracies. Such interferences were effectively suppressed by here the use of differential sensor pairs. It was shown that measurements in diluted fluids are possible with the use of areference sensor having no immobilized enzyme.Specifically, the sensor constructed by covalent binding provided more reproducible responses than that prepared by electropolymerization. Namely the former preserved 80% of its initial activity over a period of 25 days. In order to provide more reproducibility,a method was developed for regeneration of the sensor surface so that, the renewed sensor would responded to urea almost as new.
https://ijcce.ac.ir/article_8139_e47ede4f511924512112442635373c38.pdf
2004-12-01
55
63
10.30492/ijcce.2004.8139
Urea determination
Conductometric biosensor
Urease immobilization
Electro-polymerization
Differential conductometric transducer
Urease covalent binding
Hedayatollah
Ghourchian
ghourchian@ut.ac.ir
1
Laboratory of Microanalysis, Institute of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of Tehran, P.O. Box 13145-1384, Tehran, I.R. IRAN
LEAD_AUTHOR
Ahmad
Moulaie Rad
2
Laboratory of Microanalysis, Institute of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of Tehran, P.O. Box 13145-1384, Tehran, I.R. IRAN
AUTHOR
Hossein
Elyasvandi
3
Laboratory of Microanalysis, Institute of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of Tehran, P.O. Box 13145-1384, Tehran, I.R. IRAN
AUTHOR
[1] Komaba, Shinichi; Seyama, Michiko; Momma, Toshiyuki, Osaka Tetsuya, Potentiometric biosensor for urea based on electropolymerized electroinactive polypyrrole; Electrochimica ActaVolume, 42 (3), p. 383 (1997).
1
[2] Singhal Rahul, Gambhir Anamika, Pandey, M.K., Annapoorni, S., Malhotra, B.D., Immobilization of urease on poly(N-vinyl carbazole)/stearic acid Langmuir–Blodgett films for application to urea biosensor; Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 17 (8), p. 697 (2002).
2
[3] Magalhães, Júlia M.C.S., Machado, Adélio A.S.C.,Urea potentiometric biosensor based on urease immobilized on chitosan membranes, Talanta 47 (1), p. 183 (1998).
3
[4] Seki, Atsushi; Ikeda, Syuu-ichi; Kubo, Izumi; Karube, Isao; Biosensors based on light-addressable potentiometric sensors for urea, penicillin and glucose, Analytica Chemica Acta, 373 (1) p. 9 (1998).
4
[5] Mandolfo, S., Colasanti, G., Santoro, A., Fustolo, G. Arrigo, G., Bucci, R., Spongano, M., Tetta, C., Imbasciati, E., Clinical evaluation of a new biosensor for on-line urea monitoring, Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 11 (5) p. xx (1996).
5
[6] Walcerz, I., Koncki, R., Leszczynska, E., Glab, S., Enzyme biosensors for urea determination, Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 11 (5) p. viii (1996).
6
[7] Baohong, Liu, Renqi, Hu, Jiaqi, Deng; Studies on a potentiometric urea biosensor based on an ammonia electrode and urease, immobilized on a γ, Christa; Cammann, Karl; Knoll, Meinhard; Spener, Friedrich; A disposable biosensor for urea determination in blood based on an ammonium-sensitive transducer, Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 14 (1), p. 33 (1999).
7
[8] Eggenstein, Claudia; Borchardt, Michaek; Diekmann, Christoph; Gründig, Bernd; Dumschat, Christa; Cammann, Karl; Knoll, Meinhard; Spener, Friedrich; A disposable biosensor for urea determination in blood based on an ammonium-sensitive transducer, Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 14 (1) p. 33, January 1 (1999).
8
[9] Krawczynski Vel Krawczyk, Tadeusz; Moszczynska, Ma&lz.shtsls; gorzata, Trojanowicz, Marek, Inhibitive determination of mercury and other metal ions by potentiometric urea biosensor; Biosensors and Bioelectronics,15 (11-12) p. 681 (2000).
9
[10] Pandey, Prem C., Singh, Govind, Tetraphenylborate doped polyaniline based novel pH sensor and solid-state urea biosensor, Talanta, 55 (4)p. 773 (2001).
10
[11] Torbicz, W., Pijanowska, D.G., pH-ISFET based urea biosensor, Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, volume 44 (1-3)p. 370 (1997).
11
[12] Boubriak, O.A., Soldatkin, A.P., Starodub, N.F., El'skaya, A.K., Sandrovsky, A.K., Determination of urea in blood serum by a urease biosensor based on an ion-sensitive field-effect transistor, Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical Volume: 27 (1-3) p. 429, (1995).
12
[13] Zamponi, S., Cicero, B. Lo, Mascini, M., Della Ciana, L., Sacco, S., Urea solid-state biosensor suitable for continuous dialysis control, Talanta, 43 (8) p. 1373 (1996).
13
[14] Tinkilic, N., Cubuk, O., Isildak, I., Glucose and urea biosensors based on all solid-state PVC–NH2 membrane electrodes, Analytica Chimica Acta, 452 (1) p. 29 (2000).
14
[15] de Gracia, J., Poch, M., Martorell, D., Alegret, S., Use of mathematical models to describe dynamic behavior of potentiometric biosensors: comparison of deterministic and empirical approaches to a urea flow-through biosensor, Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 11 (1-2) p. 53 (1996).
15
[16] Adeloju, S.B., Shaw, S.J., Wallace, G.G., Flow injection biosensor for urea, Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 11 (10) p. viii (1996).
16
[17] Pizzariello, Andrea, Stredanský, Miroslav, Stredanská, Silvia, Miertuš, Stainslav, Urea biosensor based on amperometric pH-sensing with hematein as a pH-sensitive redox mediator, Talanta 54 (4) p. 763 (2001).
17
[18] Stred’anský, Miroslav; Pizzariello, Andrea; Stred’anská, Silvia; Miertuš, Stanislav; Ampero-metric pH-sensing biosensors for urea, penicillin, and oxalacetate, Analytica Chimica Acta, 415 (1-2), p. 151 (2000).
18
[19] Vostiar, Igor, Tkac, Jan; Sturdik, Ernest; Gemeiner, Peter, Amperometric urea biosensor based on urease and electropolymerized toluidine blue dye as a pH-sensitive redox probe, Bioelectrochemistry, 56 (1-2) p. 113 (2002).
19
[20] Adeloju, S.B., Shaw, S.J., Wallace, G.G., Pulsed-amperometric detection of urea in blood samples on a conducting polypyrrole-urease biosensor, Analytica Chimica Acta 341 (2-3) p. 155 (1997).
20
[21] Adeloju, Samuel B., Shaw, Shannon J., Wallace, Gordon G., Polypyrrole-based amperometric flow injection biosensor for urea, Analytica Chimica Acta, 323 (1-3) p. 107 (1996).
21
[22] Xie, B., Harborn, U., Mecklenburg, M., Danielsson, B., Miniature thermal biosensor determines urea and lactate, Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 10 (5) p. i-ii (1995).
22
[23] Bjarnason, Bjarni, Johansson, Peter, Johansson, Gillis, A novel thermal biosensor: evaluation for determination of urea in serum; Analytica Chimica Acta, 372 (3) p. 341 (1998).
23
[24] Qin, Wei, Zhang, Zhujun; Peng, Youyuan, Plant tissue-based chemiluminescence flow biosensor for urea Analytica Chimica Acta, 407 (1-2) p. 81 (2000).
24
[25] Jenkins, Daniel M., Delwiche, Michael J., Manometric biosensor for on-line measurement of milk urea, Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 17 (6-7) p. 557 (2002).
25
[26] Lee, Won-Yong, Kim, Seung-Ryeol, Kim, Tae-Han, Lee, Kang Shin, Shin, Min-Chol, Park, Je-Kyun, Sol–gel-derived thick-film conductometric biosensor for urea determination in serum; Analytica Chimica Acta, 404 (2) pp. 195 (2000).
26
[27] Castillo-Ortega, M.M., Rodriguez, D.E., Encinas, J.C., Plascencia, M., Méndez-Velarde, F.A., Olayo, R.; Conductometric uric acid and urea biosensor prepared from electroconductive polyaniline–poly(n-butyl methacrylate) composites, Sensors and ActuatorsB:Chemical, volume85 (1-2) p. 19 (2002).
27
[28] Sheppard Jr, Norman F., Mears, David J., Guiseppi-Elie, Anthony, Model of an immobilized enzyme conductimetric urea biosensor, Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 11 (10) p. 967 (1996).
28
[29] Jacobs P., Suls, J., Sansen W., Hombrouckx R., A disposable urea sensor for continuous monitoring of hemodialysis efficiency, ASAIO J., Jul-Sep, 39 (3) 353 (1993).
29
[30] Mikkelsen, R. S., Rechnitz, A. G., Conductometric transducers for enzyme-based biosensors, Anal.Chem., 61, p. 1737 (1989).
30
[31] Shul`ga, A. A., Soldatkin, A. P., El`skaya, A.V., Dzyadevich S.V., Patskovsky S.V., Strikha V.I., Thin film conductometric biosensors for glucose and urea determination, Biosensors& Bioelectronics, 9, p. 217 (1994).
31
[32] Lawrence, A.J., and Moores, G.R., Conductometry in enzyme studies, Eur. J. Biochem., 24, 538 (1972).
32
[33] Lawrence, A.J., Conductometric enzyme assays, Eur. J. Biochem., 18, 221 (1971).
33
[34] Chin, W. T., KroontJe, W., Conductivity method for estimation of urease, Analytical Chemistry, 33 (12) p. 1757 (1961).
34
[35] Walker, John M., “The Protein Protocols Handbook”, Humana Press Inc., (1996).
35
[36] Wortington Enzyme Manual, Wortington Bio-chemical Corporation, Free Hold, New Jersey, pp. 339–341 (1972).
36
[37] Bo Mattiasson and Rajni Kaul, Determination of coupling yields and handling of labile proteins in immobilization technology, in: “Protein immo-bilization fundamentals and applications”, Richard F. Taylor (ed), Chapter 5, P. 161, Marcel Dekker Inc. USA (1991).
37
[38] Guilbault, G.G., Recommendations for publishing manuscripts on ion selective electrodes, “Ion Selective Electrode Review”, 1, p. 139 Pergamon Press Ltd., UK (1978).
38
[39] Khodakarami, Hassan, Ghourchian, Hedayat O., PVC-based cerium phosphate membrane exhibiting selectivity for molybdate anions, Iran.
39
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Simultaneous Photo-Oxidative Degradation of EDTA and Extro-Oxidative Recovery of Copper from Industrial Effluents
The objectives of this investigation are the studies on the effect of copper ion on photolytic degradation of ethylenediaminetertraaceticacid (EDTA), the effect of EDTA on electrolytic recovery of copper as well as the introduction of a novel combined photolytic and electrolytic cell system for simultaneous recovery of copper and the degradation of EDTA.In this experimental study, a photolytic cell, an electrochemical system, and a combined photolytic -electrochemical (photoelectrolysis) system with and without an activated carbon cathode were used. Analysis was carried out using atomic absorption spectroscopy, and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).The results show that a single electrochemical cell can be used to recover copper (82.1% after 9 hours) without achieving complete mineralization of EDTA by anodic oxidation (49.9 % after 9 hours). On the other hand a single photolytic cell can achieve 99.9% degradation of EDTA after 9 hours at pH 3.5 but leaves copper in solution. However, a combined photoelectrolytic system using an activated carbon concentrator cathode achieves a rapid simultaneous degradation of EDTA and recovery of copper. The amount of degradation of EDTA was 99.9% while recovery of copper was 98.8% after 9 hours.
https://ijcce.ac.ir/article_8140_53bbd6aebdae60bba99f39bd58c8ed6c.pdf
2004-12-01
65
72
10.30492/ijcce.2004.8140
copper
EDTA
Degradation
Industrial effluent
Photolytic cell
Recovery of copper
Photoelectrolysis
Ahmad
Jonidi Jafari
ahmad_jonidi@yahoo.com
1
Center for Environmental and Occupational Research, Hamadan, P.O. Box 65175- 4193, I.R. IRAN
LEAD_AUTHOR
[1] Babey, P.A., Emilio, C.A., Ferreyra, R.E., Gautier, E.A., Gettar, R.T. and Litter, M.I., Kinetics and mechanisms of EDTA photocatalytic degradation with TiO2 , J. Water Science and technology, 44 (5), 179 (2001).
1
[2] Li, Z.B., Shuman, L.M., Redistribution of forms of zinc , cadmium and nickel in soils treated with EDTA , Sci. Total Environ., 191, 95 (1996).
2
[3] VanGinkel, C.G., Virtapohia, J., Steyaert, J.A.G., R., Treatment of EDTA-containing pulp and paper mill waste waters in activated sludge plants., Tappi J., 82, 138 (1999).
3
[4] Virtapohia, J., Alen, R., Accelerated degradation of EDTA in an activated sludge plant study looks at a sluge plant-operating under alkaline conditions., pulp & paper-Canada, 99, 53 (1998).
4
[5] Henneken,L., Norte,amm, B., Hempel, D.C., Biological degradation of EDTA: Reaction kinetics and technical approach ., J.Chem. Tech. Biotechnol., 73, 144 (1998).
5
[6] Kaluza, U., Kilgelhofer, P., Taeger, K., Microbial degradation of EDTA in an industrial wastewater treatment plant, water Res., 32, 2843 (1998).
6
[7] Thomas, R.A.P., Lawlor, K., Bailey, M., Macaskie, L.E., Biodegradation of metal – EDTA complexes by an enriched microbial population , Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 64, 1319 (1998).
7
[8] Yang X., Jiang Z., Guan Y., Deng, J., Lu, M., Biodegradation behavior of ethylenediamine-tetraethylene acid, Huan Jing Ke Xue, 22 (2) ,41 (2001).
8
[9] Davis, A.P., Green, D.L., Photocatalytic oxidation of cadmium-EDTA with titanium dioxide, Environ. Sci.Technol., 33, 609 (1999).
9
[10] Sorensen, M., Zurell, S., Frimmel, F.H., Degradation pathway of the photochemical oxidation of ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA) in the UV/H2O2 process, Acta Hydrochimica ET Hydrobiologica, 26, 109 (1998).
10
[11] Kagaya, S., Bitoh, Y., Hasegawa, K., Photocatalyzed degradation of metal –EDTA complexes in TiO2 aqueous suspensions and simultaneous metal removal., Chem. Lett., 2, 155 (1997).
11
[12] Baltpurvins, K.A., Burns, R.C., Lawrance, G.A., Heavy metals in wastewater: Modelling the hydrooxide precipitation of copper (II) from waste water using lime as the precipitant , Waste management, 16, 717 (1996).
12
[13] Gyunner, E.A., Yakhkind, N.D., Effect of a base on the precipitation of copper (II) hydrosulfates from solution , Zhur. Neorg. Khim., 42, 222 (1997).
13
[14] Alguacil, F.J. Cobo, A., Solvent extraction with LIX 973N for the selective separation of copper and nickel, J. Chem. Tech. Biotechnol., 74, 467 (1999).
14
[15] ElAamrani, F.Z. , Kumar, A, Cortina, J. L., Sastre, A.M. , Solvent extration of copper (II) from chloride media using N- (thiocarbamoyl)benzamidine and N- benzoulthiourea derivatives, Analytica chimica Acta, 382, 205 (1999).
15
[16] Raghavan, R., Bhatt, C.V., Comparative study of certain ion-exchange resins for application in copper-bearing process solution., Hydrometallurgy, 50, 169 (1998).
16
[17] Maurelia , G.R., Zamora, C.R., Gonzalez, M.M., Guevara, B.M., Diaz, C.G., Copper removal from industrial solutions and effluents with quelate polymers and ion exchange resins., Afinidad, 55, 57 (1998).
17
[18] Hsu, Y.J., Kim, M.J, Tran, T., Electrochemical study on copper cementation from cyanide liquors using zinc., Electrochimica Acta, 44, 1617 (1999).
18
[19] Stefanowicz, T., Osinska,M., Napieralaskazagozda, S., Copper recovery by the cementation method., Hydrometallurgy, 47, 69 (1997).
19
[20] Alexandrova, I., Iordanov, G., Trasport of nickel and copper against a concentration gradient through a carboxylic membrane , based on poly vinyl chloride/polymethymethacrylate-co-divinylbenzene), J. Appl. Polymer sci., 63, 9 (1997)
20
[21] Juang, R.S., Chen, M.N., Removal of copper (II) chelates of EDTA and NTA from dilate aqueous solutions by membrane filtration., Ind.eng. Chem. Res., 36, 179 (1997).
21
[22] Guyon, F., Parthasarathy, N., Buffle, J., Removal of copper(II) chelates of EDTA and NTA from dilate aqueous solutions by membrane filtration., Anal. Chem. 71, 819 (1999).
22
[23] Goel, M., Agrawal, V., Kulkarni, A.K., Cramer, S.M., Gill, W.N., Stability and transport characteristics of reverse osmosis membranes using cyanide rinse waters., J. membrane sci., 141, 245 (1998).
23
[24] Cambell, D.A., Darymple, I.M. Sunderland, J. G., Tilston, D., The electrochemcical recovery of metals from effluent and process stress streams. Resources Conservation and recycling., 10, 25 (1994).
24
[25] Boyanov, B.S., Donaldson, J.D., Grimes, S.M. , Removal of copper and cadmium from hydro-metallurgical leach solutions by fluidized-bed electrolysis. J. Chem. Tech. Biotechnol., 41, 317 (1988).
25
[26] Dando. S.O.V., PhD. thesis , The removal of metals and effluent control using electrolytic techniques, Department of chemistry, Brunel university, London, (1995).
26
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Bed Voidage and Heat Transfer in Non-Newtonian Liquid-Solid Fluidized Bed
The presence of particles in liquid-solid fluidized beds enhances the bed heat transfer, because the movement of the particles leads to an increased turbulence in the system. Moreover, the violent movement of the particles has a positive effect on fouling of the heat transfer surface. The aim of this investigation was to perform systematic measurements of bed voidage and heat transfer coefficient for solid-liquid fluidization in a cylindrical tube and to study the effect of process parameters such as particle size and density, flow velocity, and liquid viscosity on these subjects. A large number of experiments were performed using different cylindrical and spherical particles fluidized in aqueous CMC solution with different concentrations. Using the experimental results, a new correlation for predicting heat transfer coefficient in non-Newtonian liquid-solid fluidized bed heat exchanger was introduced.
https://ijcce.ac.ir/article_8141_b89c34e1f735eb57a99f68c24d9aba4e.pdf
2004-12-01
73
79
10.30492/ijcce.2004.8141
Bed voidage
Heat Transfer
Non-Newtonian
Fluidized bed
Mohammad Reza
Ehsani
ehsanimr@cc.iut.ac.ir
1
Department of Chemical Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, I.R. IRAN
LEAD_AUTHOR
Hasan
Behbahani
2
Department of Chemical Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, I.R. IRAN
AUTHOR
Mohammad
Jamialahmadi
3
The university of Petrileum Industry, Ahwas, I.R. IRAN
AUTHOR
[1] Hatch, L. P. and Weth, G. G., “Scale Control in High Temperature Distillation Utilizing Fluidized Bed Heat Exchangers”, Research and Development Progress Report No. 571 (1970).
1
[2] Allen, C. A. and Grimmentt, E. S., “Liquid-fluidized Bed Heat Exchanger Design Parameters”, Department of Energy, Idaho Operations Office, under contact 1-322-1570 (1978).
2
[3] Klaren, D. G., “The Fluid Bed Heat Exchanger; Principle and Models of operation and Heat Transfer Results Under Severe Fouling Conditions”, Fouling Prev. Res. Dig. 5, 3 (1983).
3
[4] Rautenbach, R. and Kollbach, J., “New Development in Fluidized Bed Heat Transfer for Preventing Fouling”, Swiss Chem. 8, 47 (1986).
4
[5] Kollbach, J. S., Dahm, W. and Rautenbach, R., “Continuous Cleaning of Heat Exchangers with Recirculating Fluidized Bed”, Heat Transfer Eng., 8, 26(1987).
5
[6] Richardson, J. F., Romani, M. N. and Shakiri, K. J., “Heat Transfer from Immersed Surfaces in Liquid Fluidized Beds”, Chem. Eng. Sci., 31, 619 (1976).
6
[7] Jamialahmadi, M., Malayeri, M. R. and Muller-Steinhagen, H., “A unified Correlation for the Prediction of Heat Transfer Coefficients in Liquid/Solid Fluidized Bed Systems”, Transactions of the ASME, Vol. 118, 952 (1996).
7
[8] Klaren, D., “Fluidized Bed Heat Exchanger for Severe Fouling Liquids: Principle, Applications in Industry and Possibilities in the Near Future”, Int. Conf. On Fouling in Process Plant, Oxford (1988).
8
[9] Jamialahmadi, M., Malayeri, M.R. and Muller-Steinhagen, H., “Prediction of Heat Trensfer to Liquid-Solid Fluidized Beds”, The Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering, Vol. 73, 444 (1995).
9
[10] Jamialahmadi, M., Malayeri, M.R. and Muller-Steinhagen, H., “Prediction of Optimum Operating Conditions of Liquid Fluidized Bed Systems”, Can. J. Chem. Eng., 75, 327 (1997).
10
[11] Gnielinski, V., “Warmeubertragung in Rohren”, VDI-Warmeatlas, 5th ed., VDI-Verlag, Dusseldorf (1986).
11
[12] Hirata, A. and Bulos, F. B., “Prediction of Bed Voidage in Solid-liquid Fluidization”, J. Chem. Eng. Japan, 23, 599 (1990).
12
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Modeling and Simulation of a Side-Port Regenerative Glass Furnace
ABSTRACT:A mathematical model for the performance prediction of an industrial glass furnace with six ports on each side was developed. This model comprises of two main sub-models for the combustion chamber and glass-melting tank. The first sub-model consists of the models for the combustion and the heat transfer model including, radiation, convection and conduction. The fuel combustion in atmospheric pressure is assumed perfectly and without soot. Heat balance equations in the gas; glass and walls determine the rate of heat transfer to the glass surface. The second sub-model consists of the model for the batch melting. The temperature distribution in the glass tank is computed by using results of the combustion simulation and effective conduction coefficient of molten glass. The results of the combustion model can be used for the pollution prediction and optimization of the furnace parameters to decrease the gas pollutants in the furnace.
https://ijcce.ac.ir/article_8142_649dd3c8fa74220a40d4b54e38ec9d21.pdf
2004-12-01
81
88
10.30492/ijcce.2004.8142
Glass furnace
Modeling
Simulation
combustion
regenerator
Optimization
M. H.
Hamzeh
1
Department of Chemical Engineering, Tarbiat Modarres University, P.O. Box 14115-143, Tehran, I.R. IRAN
AUTHOR
Sayed Mojtaba
Sadrameli
sadramel@modares.ac.ir
2
Department of Chemical Engineering, Tarbiat Modarres University, P.O. Box 14115-143, Tehran, I.R. IRAN
LEAD_AUTHOR
[1] McConnell, R. R. and Goodson, R. E., Modeling of a glass furnace design for improved energy efficiency, Glass Tech., 20 (3) (1979).
1
[2] Hottel, H. C. and Sarofim, A. F., Rdiative transfer, Mc Graw Hill, (1967).
2
[3] Mase, H., Oda, K., Mathematical model of glass tank furnace with batch melting process, J. Non-Crystalline Solids, 38-39, pp. 819 (1980).
3
[4] Carvalho, M. D. G. M. D. S., Lockwood, F. C., Mathematical simulation of an end-port regenerative glass furnace, Proc. Inst. Mech. Engs., 199, (1985).
4
[5] Sun, C., Song, L., A three dimensional mathematical model of a float glass tank furnace, Glass Technology, 36 (6) p. 213 (1995).
5
[6] Wang, J. et al., Validation of an improved batch model in a coupled combustion space/melt/batch melting glass furnace simulation, Glasch Ber Glass Sci. Technologi, 73 (10) p. 299 (2000).
6
[7] Rhine, J. M., Tucker, R. J., “Modeling of gas fired furnace and boilers”, Mc Graw Hill, (1991).
7
[8] Sadrameli, S. M., PhD thesis, University of Leeds, Leeds, U.K. (1988).
8
[9] Hausen, H., “Heat transfer in counter flow, parallel flow, and cross flow”, McGraw Hill Co., New York, (1983).
9
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Cost Effective Heat Exchanger Network Design with Mixed Materials of Construction
This paper presents a simple methodology for cost estimation of a near optimal heat exchanger network, which comprises mixed materials of construction. Intraditional pinch technology and mathematical programming it is usually assumed that all heat exchangers in a network obey a single cost model. This implies that all heat exchangers in a network are of the same type and use the same materials of construction (an assumption that is unwarranted). The method introduced in this article enables the designer to decomposes the total cost of a heat exchanger into two elements, namely cost of the tubes and cost of the shell, thereby predict a more reliable cost for the network. By subsequent use of the binary variables and evaluation of the physical conditions of the streams, one can assign the streams to pass either through shell or tubes. Whereby, shell and tubes can be of different materials and therefore different cost models can be applied. Another advantage of the approach is that the pressure drop in each side of the exchanger (shell or tubes) can be assessed leading to more accurate evaluation of corresponding heat transfer coefficient for each individual stream. Finally an objective function (total cost) can be defined based on mixed materials of construction and different values of heat transfer coefficients.The proposed model has been utilized in three different case studies and the results are compared with those of a commercially available software (SUPERTARGET). The comparison shows reductions of more than 17% and 14% in total annual costs in the two cases, and 2.5% reduction in third, confirming the fact that more accurate evaluation of heat transfer coefficient for each individual stream can lead to better network design.
https://ijcce.ac.ir/article_8143_9657d43468e7907c528006792017aefb.pdf
2004-12-01
89
100
10.30492/ijcce.2004.8143
Heat exchanger network
Mathematical programming
MINLP model
Optimization
Mixed materials of construction
Mahmood Reza
Hojjati
1
Department of Chemical Engineering, Tarbiat Modarres University, Tehran, I.R. IRAN
LEAD_AUTHOR
Mohammad Reza
Omidkhah
omidkhah@modares.ac.ir
2
Department of Chemical Engineering, Tarbiat Modarres University, Tehran, I.R. IRAN
AUTHOR
Mohammad Hassan
Panjeh Shahi
mhpanj@ut.ac.ir
3
Department of Chemical Engineering, Tehran University, Tehran, I.R. IRAN
AUTHOR
[1] Gundersen T. and Naess, The Synthesis of Cost Optimal Heat Exchanger Network Synthesis- A Industrial Rreview of the State of the Art., Computers chem. Engng, 12, 503 (1988).
1
[2] Gundersen T., Sagli, B. and Kiste, K., Problems in Sequential and Simultaneous Stategies for Heat Exchanger Networks Synthesis. Computer-oriented Process Engineering, Elsevier Science, Amsterdam (1991).
2
[3] Linnhoff, B., Pinch Analysis- A State of the Rrt Review, Trans. Inst. Chem. Engrs, 71, part A (1993).
3
[4] Jezowski J., Heat Exchanger Network Grassroot and Retrofit Design, The Review of the State of the Art: Part II, Heat Exchanger Network Synthesis by Mathematical Methods and Approaches for Retrofit Design, Hungarian Journal of Industrial Chemistry Veszprem, 22, p. 295 (1994).
4
[5] Kravanja, a. and Grossmann, I. E., New Developments and capabilities in Prosyn – an Automated Topology and Parameter Process Synthesizer, Computers Chem. Engng., 18, 1097 (1994).
5
[6] Hall S. G., Ahmad S. and Smith, R., Capital Cost Targets for Heat Exchanger Networks Comprising Mixed Materials of Construction, Pressure Ratings and Exchanger Types, Computers Chem. Engng., 14, 319 (1990).
6
[7] Colberg, R.D., Morari, M., Area and Capital Cost Targets for Heat Exchanger Network Synthesis with Constrained Matches and Unequal Heat Transfer Coefficients, Comp. & Chem. Eng., 14 (1), p. 1 (1990).
7
[8] Jegede,F.O., Polley, G.T., “Capital Cost Targets for Networks with Non-Uniform Heat Exchanger Specifications”, Comp. & Chem. Eng., 16 (5), 477 (1992).
8
[9] Yee, T. F. and Grossmann, I. E., Simultaneous Optimization Models for Heat Integration-II. Heat Exchanger Network Synthesis, Computers Chem. Engng., 14, 1165 (1990).
9
[10] Shenoy,U.V., Heat Exchanger Network Synthesis, Gulf Publishing Co., Houston,Texas, (1995).
10
[11] Gundersen, T., Grossmann, I. E., Improved Optimization Strategies for Automated Heat Exchanger Network Synthesis Through Physical Insights, Comp. & Chem. Eng., 14 (9) 925 (1990).
11
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Optimized Leaching Conditions for Selenium from Sar-Cheshmeh Copper Anode Slimes
The recovery process of selenium from Iranian Sar-Cheshmeh copper anode slimes employing hydrometallurgical methods has been investigated. The copper anode slimes are made up of those components of the anodes, which are not soluble in the electrolyte. They contain varying quantities of precious metals like gold, silver, selenium and tellurium. They are being extracted as a by product in the copper production process.In this paper, some parameters affecting the leaching conditions of anode slimes in nitric acid are studied. Taguchi experimental design method is used to find out the effect of acid concentration, temperature and time.The statistical results of the experiments show that the above parameters are important in the leaching of -10 microns fraction. The optimum conditions determined are: T = 90º C, acidity = 4 M and the leaching time = 60 min. Under these conditions, 99 % of the selenium is leached out.
https://ijcce.ac.ir/article_8144_4f0448024155e268e4a94d7c05858ee5.pdf
2004-12-01
101
108
10.30492/ijcce.2004.8144
Sar-Cheshmeh mine
Copper anode slimes
Hydrometallurgy
Selenium extraction
Mahmoud
Abdollahy
1
Mineral Processing Group, Tarbiat Modarres University, P.O. Box 14115-143, Tehran, I.R. IRAN
LEAD_AUTHOR
Seid Ziadin
Shafaei
2
Mining Department, Technical University of Shahrood, Shahrood, I.R. IRAN
AUTHOR
[1] Abdollahy, M., The Treatment of Sar-Cheshmeh Copper Anode Slimes, Ph.D. Thesis, LeedsUniversity, U.K., (1996).
1
[2] Wang et. al., Hydrometallurgical Process for Recovering Precious Metals from Anode Slimes,US. Patent 4293332 (1981).
2
[3] Hoffmann J.E., Recovery of Selenium from Electrolytic Copper Refinery Slimes, Precious Metals: Mining, Extraction and Processing, Metallurgical Soc. Of AIME, Warrendale, p.495 (1984).
3
[4] Habashi F., Recent Methods for the Treatment of Anodic Slimes of Copper Electrolysis, Metallurgia 12, p.257 (1965).
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[5] Subramanian K. N., Process for the Recovery of Metal Values from Anode Slimes, US. Patent 4229270 Oct. 21 (1980).
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[6] Heimala S. O. et al., Hydrometallurgical process for the recovery of valuable components from the anode slimes produced in the electrolytic refining of copper, US. Pat. 4002544, (1977).
6
[7] Hoffmann J. E., “Hydrometallurgical Processing of Refinery Slimes at Phelps Dodge”, Theory to Practice Hydrometallurgy 94 , SC, London p. 69-105 (1994).
7
[8] Morrison B.H., “Recovery and Separation of Se and Te by Pressure Leaching of Copper Refinery Slime”, International Symposium on Unit Processes in Hydrometallurgy, Gordon and Breach Sci. pub., New York, pp. 227-49 (1963).
8
[9] Kudryavtsev A. A., The Chemistry and Technology of Selenium and Tellurium, Collet's Ltd, London (1974).
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[10] Hicks, C. R., Fundamental concept in the Design of Experiments. 3rd end, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, In C.New York (1982).
10
[11] Kac. M., what is random? American Scientist, 71, 405 (1983).
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[12] Fisher, R. A., & yates, F., “Statistical Tables for Biological, Agricultural, and Medical Research”, 4th Ed.,Oliver and Boyd, Edinburgh (1953).
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[13] Bayne, C., & Rubin, I., “In practical Experimental Designs and Optimization Methods for Chemists”, VCH Publisher Inc., New York, NY (1986).
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[15] Duckworth W. E., “Statistical Techniques in Technological Research”: An aid to research productivity, London, Methuen, (1968).
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[16] Genichi Taguchi, “System of Experimental Design”, Vol.1, KRAUS International publisher, (1987).
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[17] Genichi Taguchi, “System of Experimental Design”, Vol.2, KRAUS International publisher, (1987).
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[18] Montgomery Doglas C., “Design and Analysis of Experiments”, John Willy & Sons, (1991).
18
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
High Temperature Oxidation Behaviour of Nimonic - 115 Alloy in Presence of Sodium Salts at 850OC
The high temperature oxidation behaviour of Nimonic-115 industrial alloy has been investigated in presence of NaNO3, Na2CO3 and Na2O2 at 850oC in flowing air. The oxidation kinetics and effect of salt deposition for the period of 48 h were studied. The scale morphologies were determined on the basis of X-ray diffraction analysis and Scanning electron microscopic techniques. It has been shown that the alloy corrodes at different rate in presence of different sodium salts although each salt contains the same amount of sodium equivalent to Na2O.
https://ijcce.ac.ir/article_8145_fb6b371ee78138f20987811b5680a58a.pdf
2004-12-01
109
112
10.30492/ijcce.2004.8145
Oxidation kinetics
Sodium salts
Nimonic-115
SEM studies
AMIN
M. MISBAHUL
misbah@kustem.edu.my
1
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology,University College of Science and Technology Malaysia (KUSTEM),Mengabang Telipot, 21030 Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu Darul Iman, MALAYSIA
LEAD_AUTHOR
[1] Luthra, K.L. and Shores, D. A., Mechanism of Na2SO4-induced corrosion at 600-900°C, J. Electrochem. Soc., 127, 2202 (1980).
1
[2] Iyer, V.R. and Devereux, O. F., J. Electrochem. Soc., 132, 1098 (1985).
2
[3] Kawakami, M., Goto, K.S. and Rapp, R.A., Transac. Iron and Steel Inst. Japan, 20, 646 (1980).
3
[4] Hancock, P., “The role of halides in high temperature gas corrosion”, Proc. On High Temperature Metal Halides Chemistry, Eds. D.L. Hiderbrand and D. Cubeeciotti, The Electrochem. Soc., Princeton, 645 (1978).
4
[5] Rapp, R.A., “Materials selection and problems for molten carbonate cells”, Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell Workshop, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oct.31-Nov.2, (1978).
5
[6] Picard, G., Lefebure, L. M. and Tremillon, B. L., “Thermodynamic study of iron corrosion in NaNO3-NaNO2 mixtures”, Proc. Sth Tntnl. Conf. on Molten salts, Las Vegas, Oct. pp. 13-18 ( 1985 ).
6
[7] Misbahul, M. A., Hot Corrosion Behaviour of Inconel-600 Alloy in Presence NaCl and Na2CO3 at 850 o C, Prakt. Metallogr., 30, 239 (1993 ).
7
[8] Misbahul, M. A., and Ahmad, M.B., Effect of Sodium Nitrate and Sodium Peroxide Deposits on High Temeperature Oxidation of Nimonic-105 Alloy at 700 o C, Corros. Sci. & Protech. Tech., 7, 321 ( 1995 ).
8
[9] Malik, A. U., Misbahul, M. A. and Ahmed, S., Hot Corrosion Behaviour of 18Cr:8Ni Austenitic Stell in Presence of Na2SO4 and Transition Metal Salts, Transact. Jpn. Inst. Met., 25, 169 ( 1984 ).
9
[10] Deverux, O.F., Kim, O. F. and Yeum, K. S., Reaction at the Corroding Nickel Electrode in Molten Carbonate under CO/CO2 Atmosphere, Corros. Sci., 23, 205 (1983).
10
[11] Misbahul, M. A., The CsCl-and CsNO3-induced High Temperature Oxidation of Nimonic-90 Alloy at 1123 K, Appl. Surf. Sci., 115, 355 (1997).
11
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Synthesis and Characterization of Some Lanthanide(III) Chloro Complexes Derived from 4[N-(4’-Hydroxy-3’-Methoxybenzalidene) Amino] Antipyrine Semicarbazone and 4[N-(3’,4’,5’-Trimethoxybenzalidene) Amino]Antipyrine Semicarbazone
Lanthanide(III) chloro complexes of 4[N-(4’-hydroxy-3’-methoxybenzalidene) amino] antipyrine semicarbazone (HMBAAPS) (I) and 4[N-(3’,4’,5’-trimethoxybenzalidene) amino] antipyrine semicarbazone (TMBAAPS) (II) with the general composition LnCl3.2L (Ln = La, Pr, Nd, Sm, Gd, Tb, Dy or Ho; L = HMBAAPS or TMBAAPS) are reported. All the complexes were synthesized in ethanolic medium and refluxed the reaction mixture (1:2.2, M:L ratio). The yield percentage ranging from 78 – 82%. The complexes are non-ionic in nature. The infrared spectral studies reveal that both of the semicarbazones are tridentate (N,N,O) ligands. Magnetic spectral and thermal properties of the complexes have also been investigated. A coordination number nine is tentatively suggested in these complexes.
https://ijcce.ac.ir/article_8146_08c2a104bb31c8658bf5a923164138bd.pdf
2004-12-01
113
119
10.30492/ijcce.2004.8146
Lanthanide(III) complexes
Lanthanide(III) chloro complexes
Lanthanide(III) chloro complexes of ..
Ram K.
Agarwal
agarwal_r@usp.ac.fj
1
Department of Chemistry, School of Pure and Applied Sciences, The University of the South Pacific, P.O. Box 1168 Suva, FIGI ISLANDS
LEAD_AUTHOR
Surendra
Prasad
2
Department of Chemistry, School of Pure and Applied Sciences, The University of the South Pacific, P.O. Box 1168 Suva, FIGI ISLANDS
AUTHOR
Indranil
Chakraborti
3
Department of Chemistry, Lajpat Rai Post Graduate College, Sahibabad-201 005 (Ghaziabad), INDIA
AUTHOR
[1] Pauling, L., “The nature of the chemical bond”, 3rd ed. Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y. (1968).
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[2] Koppikar, D.K., Sivapulliah, P.V., Ramakrishnan, L. and Somdararajan, S., Structure and Bonding, 34, 135 (1978).
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[3] Moeller, T., Martin, D.F., Thompson, L.C., Fereus, R., Feistel, G.R. and Randall, W.J., Chem. Rev., 65, 1 (1965).
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[4] Pearson, R.G., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 85, 3533 (1963).
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[6] Jayasankar, H. and Indrasenan, P., Indian J. Chem., 27A, 545 (1988).
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[7] Agarwal, R.K. and Sarin, R.K., Polyhedron, 12, 2411 (1993).
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[19] Agarwal, R.K. and Arora, K., Pol. J. Chem., 67, 219 (1993).
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[28] Koppikar, D.K., Sivapulliah, P.V., Ramakrishnan, L. and Soundararajan, S., Struct. & Bonding, 34, 135 (1978).
28
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Synthesis and Studies of Spectral and Thermal Properties of Some Mixed Ligand Complexes of Thorium(IV) and Dioxouranium(VI) With Semicarbazones as Primary Ligand and Sulfoxide as Secondary Ligand
The present work describes the studies on the coordination behaviour of 4[N-(benzalidene) amino]antipyrine semicarbazone (BAAPS) (I), 4[N-(furfural)amino]antipyrine semicarbazone (FFAAPS) (II) and 4[N-(cinnamalidene)amino]antipyrine semicarbazone (CAAPS) (III) in presence of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) or diphenyl sulfoxide (DPSO) towards Th4+ and UO22+ salts. All the complexes were isolated in non-aqueous solvents like ethanol or acetone. The mixed ligand complexes have the general composition ThX4(L)DPSO ( X = Cl, Br, I, NCS or NO3), Th(ClO4)4(L)2DPSO (L = BAAPS or CAAPS), UO2X2(L)DMSO (X = Br, I, NCS, NO3 or CH3COO) and UO2(ClO4)2(L)2DMSO (L=FFAAPS or CAAPS). The analytical data include elemental analyses, molecular weight determination, conductivity, spectral and thermal studies. XRD-powder diffraction of two representative thorium(IV) complexes have also been reported.In these complexes, the primary ligands behave as neutral tridentate (N, N, O) ligand, while the secondary ligand (DMSO or DPSO) acts as unidentate oxygen donor. Thorium(IV) displays coordination number 6,7,8 or 12, while uranium(VI) ion displays coordination number 8, 9 or 10 depending on the nature of anionic ligand.
https://ijcce.ac.ir/article_8147_057a1f7f7170e94fabdd46bb64ab2770.pdf
2004-12-01
121
133
10.30492/ijcce.2004.8147
Thorium(IV)
Dioxouranium(IV)
Mixed ligand complexes
Semicarbazones
Sulfoxide
Ram K.
Agarwal
agarwal_r@usp.ac.fj
1
Department of Chemistry, School of Pure and Applied Sciences, The University of the South Pacific, P.O. Box 1168 Suva, FIGI ISLANDS
LEAD_AUTHOR
Surendra
Prasad
2
Department of Chemistry, School of Pure and Applied Sciences, The University of the South Pacific, P.O. Box 1168 Suva, FIGI ISLANDS
AUTHOR
N.K.
Sharma
3
Department of Chemistry, Lajpat Rai Post Graduate College, Sahibabad-201 005 (Ghaziabad), INDIA
AUTHOR
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