ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Gum Tragacanth Gels as a New Supporting Matrix for Immobilization of Whole-Cell
We introduce a new smooth, non-toxic, biocompatible method for cross-linking of gum tragacanth (GT), a polysaccharide of natural origin, in order to serve as a new supporting matrix for immobilization systems. The modified gum is used as a matrix for the catalysis of the conversion of benzyl penicillin to 6-aminopenicillanic acid (6-APA) by means of Escherichia coli ATCC11105 with penicillin G acylase (PGA) activity. The results show that GT beads can not only serve as a proper matrix for immobilization, but show enhanced hydrolysis rate and stability compared to other immobilization systems used for this reaction. This signifies the potential of GT as a biocompatible matrix for immobilization and its positive prospects for use in more demanding immobilization applications where traditional matrices such as alginate may fall short. The effect of environmental factors, such as temperature, pH, and substrate concentration, have also been studied on the hydrolysis rate and compared with the other immobilizing systems used for the same reaction, such as calcium alginate. Under the optimal conditions, penicillin G conversion reached 91.5% after 6 h and remained over 80% after 45 repeated cycles of 6 h each.
https://ijcce.ac.ir/article_7625_215fbf4a621829f432c55734f9fbe0fb.pdf
2005-12-01
1
7
10.30492/ijcce.2005.7625
Gum tragacanth
Immobilized whole-cell
Penicillin G acylase
Ionomer
Crosslink
Maryam
Otady
mm-otadi@yahoo.com
1
Department of Biotechnology and Chemical Engineering, College of Science and Research, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, I.R. IRAN
LEAD_AUTHOR
Ali
Vaziri
2
Department of Biotechnology and Chemical Engineering, College of Science and Research, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, I.R. IRAN
AUTHOR
Ali Akbar
Seifkordi
3
Department of Chemical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, I.R. IRAN
AUTHOR
Azadeh
Kheirolomoom
4
Department of Chemical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, I.R. IRAN
AUTHOR
[1] “SBP Handbook of Industrial Gums and Resins”, by SBP Board of Consultants and Engineers, Delhi, India (1998).
1
[2] Bielecki, S., Bolech, R., Immobilization of Recom-binant E.coli Cells with Phenollyase Activity”, Elsevier Science B.V., Immobilized cells: Basics and Applications, (1996).
2
[3] Dobos, P., Use of Gum Tragacanth Overlay, Applied at Room Temperature, in the Plaque Assay of Fish and Other Animal Viruses, J. Clinical Microb., 3(3), 373 (1976).
3
[4] Kedmi, S., Katazenelson, E., A Rapid Quantitative Fluorescent Antibody Assay of Poliviruses Using Tragacanth Gum, Archives of Virology, 56, 337 (1978).
4
[5] Kheirolomoom, A., Arjmand, M., Fazelinia, H., Zakeri, A., Clarification of Penicillin G Acylase Reaction Mechanism, Process Biochemistry, 36, 1095 (2001).
5
[6] Erarslan, A., Guray, A., Kinetic Investigation of Penicillin G Acylase from a Mutant Strain of Escherichia coli ATCC 11105 Immobilized on Oxiran-Acrylic Beads, J. Chem. Tech. Biotechnol., 51, 181 (1991).
6
[7] Hegde, M.M., Thadani, S.B., Singh, U., Naik, S. R., Isolation and Purification of Penicillin G Acylase Obtained from Escherichia Coli (NCIM-2400) and Immobilisation on Eupergit C for the Production of 6 Amino Penicillanic Acid, Hind. Antibiot. Bull., 39, 1 (1997).
7
[8] Thu, B., Smidsrod, O., Skjak-Braek, G.; Alginate Gels – Some Structure – Function Corrections Relevant to Their Use as Immobilization Matrix for Cells, Department of Biotechnology, University of Trondheim, Norway, Immobilized Cells: Basics and Applications, 19 (1996).
8
[9] Chandy, T., Mooradian, D. L, Rao, G. H. R., Evalu-ation of Modified Alginate-Chitosan-Polyethylene Glycol Microcapsules for Cell Encapsulation, Artif. Organs., 23(10), 894, (1999).
9
[10] Kheirolomoom, A., Arjmand, M., Fazelinia, H., Zakeri, A., Isolation of Penicillin G Acylase from Escherichia coli ATCC 11105 by Physical and Chemical treatments, Biochem. Eng. J., 8, 223 (2001).
10
[11] Imeson, A., “Thickening and Gelling Agents for food”, Blackie Academic & Professional, an imprint of Chapman & Hall, London, Chapter 4, PP. 66-97, (1992).
11
[12] Lagerolf, E., Nthorst-Westfelt, L., Ekstrom, B., “Production of 6-Aminopenicillinic acid with Immobilized Escherichia coli acylase”, In Mosbach, K.(ed.), Methods in Enzynology, 44, 759-768, Academic Press, New york.
12
[13] Blanco, R. M., Alvaro, G., Fernandez-Lafuente, R., Guisan, J. M., Immobilization-Stabilization of Penicillin G Acylase from E. coli, Applied Biochem. Biotech., 181 (1990).
13
[14] Balasingham, K., Warburton, D., Dunnill, P., Lilly, D., The Isolation and Kinetics of Penicillin amidase from Escherchia Coli, Biochem. Biophys. Acta, 276, 250 (1972).
14
[15] Eraeslan, A., Ertan, H., “Thermostabilization of Penicillin G Acylase Obtained from a Mutant of Escherichia coli ATCC 11105 by Bismidoesters as Homobifunctional Cross-Linking Agents”, Enzyme Microb. Technol., 17, 629 (1995).
15
[16] Hsiau, L.T., Lee, W.C., Wang, F.S., Immobilization of Whole Cell Penicillin G Acylase by Entrapping within Polymethacrylamide Beads, App. Biochem. Biotech., 62, 303 (1997).
16
[17] Bickerstaff, G. F., “ Immobilization of Enzyme and Cells ”, University of Paisley
17
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Synthesis of Hydrophobic Silicalite Adsorbent from Domestic Resources: The Effect of Alkalinity on the Crystal Size and Morphology
A new polymorph crystalline silica composition having uniform pore dimensions were synthesized by calcining a crystalline hydrated alkyl-ammonium silicate. The pore dimensions approximately were 6 angstrom for silicalite-1 and 11 angstrom for silicalite-2 units. The silicalite-1 was prepared hydrothermally at a pH of about 10 from a reaction mixture consist of water, amorphous silica and a quaternary ammonium compound. Domestic water glass was ion-exchanged to produce silicasol. In this work we also investigated the influence of alkalinity percent in the starting gel mixture on the crystal shape and size.
https://ijcce.ac.ir/article_8103_4165a51427c209f35befef7b1a4a8e40.pdf
2005-12-01
9
14
10.30492/ijcce.2005.8103
Silicalite
Polymorph crystalline silica
Amorphous silica
Tetrapropylammonium- bromide
Davood
Vakili
1
Research Institute of Petroleum Industry (N.I.O.C.), Catalysis Research Center, P.O. Box 18745-4163, Tehran, I.R. IRAN
AUTHOR
Mohammad Ali
Attarnejad
2
Research Institute of Petroleum Industry (N.I.O.C.), Catalysis Research Center, P.O. Box 18745-4163, Tehran, I.R. IRAN
AUTHOR
Sayyed Kamal
Massoodian
3
Research Institute of Petroleum Industry (N.I.O.C.), Catalysis Research Center, P.O. Box 18745-4163, Tehran, I.R. IRAN
AUTHOR
Mohammad Mahdi
Akbarnejad
akbarnejadm@ripi.ir
4
Research Institute of Petroleum Industry (N.I.O.C.), Catalysis Research Center, P.O. Box 18745-4163, Tehran, I.R. IRAN
LEAD_AUTHOR
[1] Grose, W. R. and Flanigen, E. M., Crystalline silica, US-Patent, 4,061,724 (1977).
1
[2] Flanigen, E. M. and Patton, R. L., Silica polymorph and process for preparing same, US-Patent, 4,073,865 (1976).
2
[3] Bibby, D.M., Milestone, N.B. and Aldridge, L.P., Nature, 280, pp. 644-665 (1979).
3
[4] KunGang, T. and Ruren, X., “The influence of alkali metal cations on the formation of silicalite in NH4OH-TPABr system”, Zeolites, Drzaj, B., Hocevar, S. and Pejonvik, S. (Editors), Elsevier Science Public-ation, pp. 73-80 (1985).
4
[5] Barrer, R.M., Zeolites, 1, 130 (1980).
5
[6] Mostowies, R. and Sand, L., Zeolites, 2, 143 (1982).
6
[7] Haegh, G.S., “ Zeolites as adsorbents for alcohols from aqueous solutions”, Zeolites, Drzaj, B., Hocevar, S. and Pejonvik, S. (Editors), Elsevier Science Publication, pp. 609-615 (1985).
7
[8] Vakili, D. and Irankhah, A., “ Study of selective adsorption properties of more applicable industrial hydrocarbons via silicalite-1”, 8th Iranian Chemical Engineering Congress, Ferdowsi University, Mashhad, Iran, Oct. (2003).
8
[9] Hou, L.Y. and Sand, L.B., “ Determination of boundary conditions of crystalization of ZSM5-ZSM11 in one ‘Al-Free’ system: ZSM5-ZSM11 boundary condit-ions”, 6th International Zeolite
9
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
The Contribution of Molecular Diffusion in Silica Coating and Chemical Reaction in the Overall Rate of Reaction of Aluminum Hydroxide with Fluosilicic Acid
The kinetic of the heterogeneous chemical reaction of aluminum hydroxide and fluosilicic acid was studied. It was found that the diffusion of the reactants through the porous silica coating to the aluminum hydroxide surface and the interfacial chemical reaction between the diffusing reactant and aluminum hydroxide platelets control the overall reaction rate. These two phenomena were studied and their contributions to the overall reaction rate were derived using experimental data. By combining these terms a relation for the overall reaction rate was obtained. The activation energy of the chemical reaction was calculated to be 12 kcal/mol and the activation energy of the diffusion into the silica coating was found as 28 kcal/mol. A numerical procedure was adjusted to determine the variation of the specific surface area of un-reacted core, its average particle size and the specific surface area for mass transfer
https://ijcce.ac.ir/article_8104_9fe01a73bd871b55d3e0c4b7a57d338c.pdf
2005-12-01
15
24
10.30492/ijcce.2005.8104
Heterogeneous reaction
Aluminum hydroxide
Fluosilicic acid
Aluminum fluoride
silica
Effective diffusion coefficient
Aggregation
Kinetics
Mahmoud
Bayat
mmahmood_in@yahoo.com
1
Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, P.O.Box 16765-163, Tehran, I.R.IRAN
LEAD_AUTHOR
Abbas
Taeb
2
Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, P.O.Box 16765-163, Tehran, I.R.IRAN
AUTHOR
Saeed
Rastegar
3
Faculty of Polymer, Amirkabir University of Technology, P.O.Box 15875-4413, Tehran, I.R.IRAN
AUTHOR
[1] Skrylev, L. D., Reprocessing of fluorosilicic acid from superphosphate plants on aluminum fluoride and active silicon oxide, Zhurnal Prikladnoi Khimii, 41(1), 3, (1968).
1
[2] Bayat, M., Taeb, A. and Rastegar, S., Investigation of the filtration rate of silica in aluminum fluoride production from silicic acid, Chemical Engineering Science, 57, 2879, (2002).
2
[3] Grobelny, M., Study of the reaction of fluorosilicic acid with various aluminum substrates, Przemysl Chemiczny, 57(12), 651, (1978).
3
[4] Vogel, A. T., “Textbook of quantitative inorganic analysis”, 4th ed., Longman, London, p. 319,(1978).
4
[5] Levenspiel,O., “Chemical Reaction Engineering”, 2nd ed., John Wiley & Sons, New York, p. 357-399, (1972).
5
[6] Armenante, P. M. and Kirwan, D.J., Mass transfer to microparticles in agitated systems, Chemical Engineering Science, 44, 2781, (1989).
6
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Accelerated Deactivation and Activity Recovery Studies of Ruthenium and Rhenium Promoted Cobalt Catalysts in Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis
Accelerated deactivation of Co/Al2O3 catalysts in Fischer-Tropsch synthesis and the effect of Re and Ru as the catalytic promoters are reported. 15wt% Co/Al2O3 catalyst and 1wt% Ru and 1.4wt% Re promoted cobalt catalysts have been formulated and extensively characterized. The deactivation of the unpromoted cobalt catalyst and those promoted with Re and Ru were studied by accelerated method at 260oC. Different sources of deactivation were identified. The amount of activity recovery after regeneration at the conditions of low temperature treatment at 260oC and high temperature treatment at 400oC for the used promoted and unpromoted catalysts were detrmined. It was revealed that promoted catalyst deactivated faster than unpromoted ones. High temperature H2 treatment restored the catalytic activity of the catalysts more than 97.5%.
https://ijcce.ac.ir/article_8105_634cabe9374434e6459b27fa8c5cf811.pdf
2005-12-01
25
36
10.30492/ijcce.2005.8105
Fischer-Tropsch
Cobalt
Ruthenium
Rhenium
Deactivation
Activity Recovery
Ahmad
Tavasoli
tavassolia@khayam.ut.ac.ir
1
Research Institute of Petroleum Industry, P.O.Box 18745-4163, Tehran, I. R. IRAN
LEAD_AUTHOR
Ali
Karimi
2
Research Institute of Petroleum Industry, P.O.Box 18745-4163, Tehran, I. R. IRAN
AUTHOR
Abbas Ali
Khodadadi
3
Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Tehran, P. O. Box 11365/4563, Tehran, I. R. IRAN
AUTHOR
Yadollah
Mortazavi
4
Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Tehran, P. O. Box 11365/4563, Tehran, I. R. IRAN
AUTHOR
Mohammad Ali
Mousavian
5
Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Tehran, P. O. Box 11365/4563, Tehran, I. R. IRAN
AUTHOR
[1] Das, T., Jacobs, G., Patterson, P.M., Conner, W.A., Li, J., Davis, B.H., Fuel, 82, 805 (2003).
1
[2] Hilmen, A. M., Schanke, D., Hanssen, K. F., App. Cat., 186, 169 (1999).
2
[3] Jacobs, G., Das, T., Zhang, Y., Li, J., Racoillet, G., Davis, B.H., App. Cat., 233, 263 (2002).
3
[4] Jacobs, G., Das, T., Patterson, P.M., Li, J., Sanchez, L., Davis, B.H., App. Cat., 247, 335 (2003).
4
[5] Jongsomjit, B., Goodwin, J.G., Cat. Today, 77, 191 (2002).
5
[6] Kiss, G., Kliewer, C. E., DeMartin, G. J., Culross, C.C., Baumgartner, J.E., J. Cat., 217, 127 (2003).
6
[7] Krishnamoorthy, S., Tu, M., Ojeda, M.P., Pinna, D., Iglesia, E., J. Cat., 211, 422 (2002).
7
[8] Li, J., Zhang, Y., Jacobs, G., Das, T., Davis, B.H., App. Cat., 228, 203 (2002).
8
[9] Van Berge, P.J., Loosdrecht, J., Barradas, S., Van der Karaan, A.M., Cat. Today, 58, 321 (2000).
9
[10] Tavasoli, A., Mortazavi, Y., Khodadadi, A., Sadagiani, K., Karimi A., Iran. J. Chem. Chem. Eng., 24 (3), p. 9 (2005).
10
[11] Instructions and Operation for 589-900 WR-12 Wide Range Carbon Determinator ; Laboratory Equipment Corp., (LECO, U.S.A.) St. Joseph, Mich. 49085.
11
[12] Bechara, R., Balloy, D., Vanhove, D., App. Cat., 207, 343 (2001).
12
[13] Jacobs, G., Patterson, P.M., Zhang, Y., Das, T., Li, J., Davis, B.H., App. Cat., 233, 215 (2002).
13
[14] Zhang, Y., Wei, D., Hammache, S., Goodwin, G. Jr., J. Catal., 188, 281 (1999).
14
[15] Arnoldy, P., Moulijn, J.A., J. Catal., 38, 93 (1995).
15
[16] Iglesia, E., Soled, S.L., Fiato, R.A., Via, G.H., J. Catal., 143, 345 (1993).
16
[17] Duvenhage, D. J. Espinoza, R. L., Coville, N. J., Sci. and catal., 88, 351 (1994).
17
[18] Bertole, C. J., Mims, C. A., Kiss, G., J. Catal., 8051, 1 (2003).
18
[19] Geerlings, J. J. C., Wilson, J. H., Kramer, G. J., Kuipers, H.P.C.E., Hoek, A., Huisman, H.M., App. Cat., 186, 27 (1999).
19
[20] Iglesia, E., App. Cat., 161, 59 (1997).
20
[21] Fan, L., Sun, S., Fujimoto, K., Symposium on advances in FT chemistry, 219th National Meeting, American Chemical Society, San Francisco, CA (2000).
21
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Application of Genetic Algorithm in Kinetic Modeling and Reaction Mechanism Studies
This study is focused on the development of a systematic computational approach which implements Genetic Algorithm (GA) to find the optimal rigorous kinetic models.A general Kinetic model for hydrogenolysis of dibenzothiophene (DBT) based on Langmuir-Hinshelwood type has been obtained from open literature. This model consists of eight continuous parameters(e.g., Arrhenus and Van't Hoff parameters) and six discrete parameters representing the order of the reaction with respect to each concentration.The optimal value of these parameters have been obtained based on Genetic Algorithm. Furthermore, the best type of Genetic operators and their corresponding parameters for this type of problems have been obtained based on a comprehensive study of the effect of these parameters on the efficiency of the Genetic Algorithm.The study shows that the optimum parameters corresponding to Genetic Algorithms depends on the type of operators used in GA. Due to flexibility and generality of Genetic Algorithms, it seems that GA is a useful technique with lots of potentials in determination of optimum kinetic model corresponding to a set of complex reactions.
https://ijcce.ac.ir/article_8106_ebd5840eba0ffc66f9178521ecb35c52.pdf
2005-12-01
37
46
10.30492/ijcce.2005.8106
genetic algorithm
kinetic model
Optimization
Hydrogenolysis of DBT
Shohreh
Fatemi
1
Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Tehran, I.R. IRAN
LEAD_AUTHOR
Mohammad
Masoori
2
Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Tehran, I.R. IRAN
AUTHOR
Ramin
Bozorgmehry Boozarjomehry
3
Department of Chemical & Petroleum Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, I.R. IRAN
AUTHOR
[1] Edvinsson, R., Irandoust, S., Hydrodesulfurization of Dibenzothiophene in monolithic Catalyst Reactor, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 32, 391 (1993).
1
[2] Froment, G. F., Vanrysselberghe, V.Hydrode-sulfurization of Dibenzothiophene on a Co-Mo/g-Al2O3 Catalyst: Reaction Network and Kinetics, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 35, 3311 (1996).
2
[3] Massoth , F.E., Studies of Mo/Alumina Catalysts VI. Kinetics of Thiophene Hydrogenolysis, J. Catalysis, 47, 316 (1977).
3
[4] Marquardt, D. W., An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters, J. Soc. Ind. Appl. Math., 11, 431 (1963).
4
[5] Brunette A., A fast precise genetic algorithm for a non-linear fitting problem, Computer physics communications, Elsevier science (2000).
5
[6] Goldberg, David E., “Genetic Algorithms in Search, Optimization and Machine Learning”, Addison-Wesley Pub. Co. (1989).
6
[7] Bentley, P. J., Evolutionary Design by Computers,Morgan Kaufmann, Publisher, Inc., (1999).
7
[8] Balland, L., Estel. L., Cosmao. J. M., Mouhab. N.,A Genetic Algorithm with Decimal Coding for the Estimation of Kinetic and Energetic Parameters, Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems, 50, p. 121 (2000).
8
[9] Elliot,L., Inghen, D. B., Kyne, A. G., Mera, N. S., Pourkashanian, M., Wilson, C.W., Genetic Algo- rithms For Optimization of Chemical Kinetic Mechanisms, Prog. Ener. Comb. Sci., 30, 297 (2004).
9
[10] Moros, R., Kalies, H., Rex, H. G.,Schaffarczyk, S., A Genetic Algorithm from Generating Initial Parameter Estimations for Kinetic Models of Catalytic Processes, Comp. Chem. Eng.,20, 1257 (1995).
10
[11] Froment, G. F.and Park, T. Y., AHybrid Genetic Algorithm for the Estimation of Parameters in Detailed Kinetic Models, Comp. Chem. Eng., 22, S103 (1998).
11
[12] Michalewicz, Z.,“Genetic Algorithms+ Data Struc-tures”, Evolution Programs, Springer-Verlag, New York (1996).
12
[13] Goldberg, David E., “The Design of Innovation: Lessons from and for Competent Genetic Algorithms”, Boston, MA., Kluwer Academic Publishers, (2002).
13
[14] Langdon W. B., Riccardo Poli, William B. Langdon “Foundations of Genetic Programming”, Springer- Verlag publication, (2001).
14
[15] Schmitt, L. M., Fundamental study theory of genetic algorithms, Theoretical Comp. Sci., 259, 1 (2001).
15
[16] Mitchell, M., An Introduction to Genetic Algorithms (Complex Adaptive Systems), Bradford Books, 06 February, Paperback (1998).
16
[17] Broderick, D. H. and Gates, B. C.,Hydrogenolysis and Hydrogenation of Dibenzothiophene Catalyzed by Sulfided Co-Mo/Al2O3 : The Reaction Kinetics, AIChE J., 27, 663 (1981).
17
[18] Nag, N. K., Spare, A. V., Brodrick, D. H., and Gates, B. C., Hydrodesulfurization of Polycyclic Aromatics Catalyzed by Sulfided Co-Mo/g-Al2O3: The relative reactivities, J. Catal., 57, 509 (1979).
18
[19] Vrinat, M. L., The Kinetics of HDS Process- A Review, Appl. Catal., 6, 137 (1983).
19
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Selective Cloud Point Extraction and Preconcentration of Copper by the Use of Dithizone as a Complexing Agent
The aim of this work was to develop a selective cloud point extraction method for the separation and preconcentration of copper(II) prior to spectrophotometric determination. For this purpose dithizone was used as a complexing agent and the experimental solution was acidified with sulfuric acid. Triton X-114 was used as a surfactant and after phase separation, based on the cloud point of the mixture, the rich phase was diduted with tetrahydrofuran (THF) and the enriched analyte determined by spectrophotometric analysis. The chemical and thermodynamic variables affecting the complexation and phase separation were optimized. Calibration plot of absorbance vs. concentration was linear within the range of 15-250 ng ml -1 Cu( II ) the limit of detection being 4.6 ng ml -1. The proposed procedure was successfully applied to the determination of copper in liver samples.
https://ijcce.ac.ir/article_8107_1211b8e8759f39241f1346c4850545be.pdf
2005-12-01
47
52
10.30492/ijcce.2005.8107
Cloud point extraction
Spectrophotometry
copper
Dithizone
Jamshid
Manzoori
manzoori@tabrizu.ac.ir
1
Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, I.R. IRAN
LEAD_AUTHOR
Ghasem
Karim Nezhad
2
Department of Chemistry, University of Payam Noor, Khoy, I.R. IRAN
AUTHOR
[1] Ahmed, M.J., Jahan I., Banoo, S., Anal. Sci., 18, 805 (2002).
1
[2] Richter, P., Toral, M.I., Tapia, A.E., Fuenzalida, E., Analyst, 122, 1045 (1997).
2
[3] Toral, M.I., Richter, P., Rodriguez, C. , Talanta 45, 147 (1997).
3
[4] Yamini, Y., Tamaddon, A., Talanta, 49, 119 (1999).
4
[5] Shamsipur, M., Avanes, A., Rofouei, M.K., Sharghi, H., Aghapour, G., Talanta, 54, 863 (2001).
5
[6] Sombra, L., Luconi, M., Fernanda Silva, M., Olsina, R.A., Fernandez, L., Analyst, 126, 1172 (2001).
6
[7] Dalmon, O., Tufekci, M., Nohut, S., Guner, S., Karabocek, S., J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal., 27, 183 (2002).
7
[8] Manzoori, J. L., Karim-Nezhad, G., Anal. Sci.,19, 579 (2003).
8
[9] Manzoori, J.L., Karim-Nezhad, G., Anal. Chim. Acta, 484, 155 (2003).
9
[10] Manzoori, J.L., Bavili-Tabrizi, A., Anal. Chim. Acta, 470, 215 (2002).
10
[11] Manzoori, J.L., Bavili-Tabrizi, A., Microchim. Acta, 141, 201 (2003).
11
[12] Silva, M.F., Fernandez, L., Olsina, R.A., Stacchiola, D., Anal. Chim. Acta., 342, 229 (1997).
12
[13] Silva, M.F., Fernandez, L.P., Olsina, R.A., Analyst,123, 1803 (1998).
13
[14] Fernandez, A. E., Ferrera, Z. S., Rodrinuez, J. J. S., Analyst, 124, 487 (1999).
14
[15] Carabias - Martinez, R., Rodriguez - Gonzalo, E., Dominguez - Alvarez, J., Hernandez - Mendez, J., Anal. Chem., 71, 2468 (1999).
15
[16] Laespada, M. E. F., Pavon, J. L. P., Cordero, B. M., Analyst, 118, 209 (1993).
16
[17] Igarashi, S., Endo, K., Anal. Chim. Acta, 320, 133 (1996).
17
[18] Oliveros, M. C. C., Jimenez de Blas, O., Pavon, J.L.P., Cordero, B.M., J.Anal.At. Spectrom., 13, 547 (1998).
18
[19] Mesquita da Silva, M.A., Frescura, V.L.A., Nome Aguilera, F.J., Curtius, A.J., J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 13, 1369 (1998).
19
[20] Paleologos, E.K., Giokas, D.L., Tzouwara-Karayanni, S.M., Karayannis, M.I., Anal. Chim. Acta, 458, 241 (2002).
20
[21] Watanabe, H., Saitoh, T., Kamidate, T., Haraguchi, H., Mikrochim. Acta, 106, 83 (1992).
21
[22] Wang, C.H., Martin, D.F., Martin, B.B., J. Environ. Sci. Health A, 31,1101 (1996).
22
[23] Fiedler, H. D., Westrup, J.L., Souza, A.J., Pavei, A.D., Chagas, C.U., Nome, F., Talanta, 64, 190 (2004).
23
[24] Singh, H.B., Kumar, B., Sharma, R.L., Analyst,114, 853 (1989).
24
[25] Lurie, J., “Handbook of Analytical Chemistry”, Mir Publishers,Moscow, pp.336-339 (1975).
25
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
The Use of Fundamental Color Stimulus to Improve the Performance of Artificial Neural Network Color Match Prediction Systems
In the present investigation attempts were made for the first time to use the fundamental color stimulus as the input for a fixed optimized neural network match prediction system. Four sets of data having different origins (i.e. different substrate, different colorant sets and different dyeing procedures) were used to train and test the performance of the network. The results showed that the use of fundamental color stimulus greatly reduces the errors as depicted by the MSE and D Cave data and improves the performance of the neural network prediction system. Additionally the use of fundamental color stimulus makes provisions for predicting the concentrations of one data set whilst being trained by a second data set of completely different origin.
https://ijcce.ac.ir/article_8108_da2f6ec183a6d2de2e82574d2aa88374.pdf
2005-12-01
53
61
10.30492/ijcce.2005.8108
Color match prediction
Neural Networks
Fundamental color stimulus
Matrix R
Farhad
Ameri
1
Department of Polymer and Color Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, I.R. IRAN
AUTHOR
Siamak
Moradian
2
Department of Polymer and Color Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, I.R. IRAN
LEAD_AUTHOR
Mohammad
Amani Tehran
amani@aut.ac.ir
3
Department of Textile Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, I.R. IRAN
AUTHOR
Karim
Faez
4
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, I.R. IRAN
AUTHOR
[1] Davidson, H.R., Hemmendinger, H. and Landry, J. L. R., A system of instrumental color control for the textile industry, J.Soc. Dyers Colour, 79, 577 (1963).
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[4] Bezerra, C. M. and Hawkyard, C.J., Computer match prediction for florescent dyes by neural networks,
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J S D C, 116, 163(2000).
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[5] Westland, S., Artificial neural networks and colour recipe prediction, in Proceedings of Colour Science 98, Leeds University, 3, 225(2001).
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[8] Ameri, F., Moradian, S., Amani Tehran, M. and Faez, K., The use of transformed reflection functions in artificial neural network match prediction systems, presented at the Inter-Society Color Council (ISCC), Annual Meeting and Symposium, Gaithersburg, Maryland , U.S.A., May (2004).
9
[9] Ameri, F., Moradian, S., Amani Tehran, M. and Madgidi, N., The use of transformed functions of reflectance in the color match prediction of textiles, presented at the 4th AUTEX Conference, Roubaix, France, June (2004).
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16
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17
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Synergetic Effects of Plasma, Temperature and Diluant on Nonoxidative Conversion of Methane to C2+ Hydrocarbons in a Dielectric Barrier Discharge Reactor
Noncatalytic and nonoxidative conversion of methane in a dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) reactor is examined at different temperatures, gas residence times and input powers. In addition, the ratio of methane to helium as a diluant, is changed in the range of 0.6 to 1.8. Results show significant synergetic effects of plasma, temperature and helium on the methane conversion and C2+ selectivities. C2 hydrocarbons are the main products (more than 70%) of the process, however, minor amounts of heavier hydrocarbons up to C8 are formed. At an input power of 230W and gas residence time of 6 sec, when the temperature increases from 100 to 200oC, the methane conversion enhances by 33%. In the temperature of 100-350oC, the methane conversion passes through a maximum at CH4 /He ratio of 1.0, at which the highest effect of the temperature is observed. In addition, at 350oC, when the input power increases from 140 to 230W, the CH4 conversion enhances from 20.3 to 27.0%. As the temperature increases from 100 to 350oC, the selectivity of ethane decreases from 81.5 to 73.0%, while the selectivities of ethylene and acetylene enhances by about 40% and 270%, respectively. The frequency of effective collisions among the reactants, excited helium (He*), and free electrons (e-) seems to increase with temperature, that in turn leads to higher methane conversions and changes in products selectivities.
https://ijcce.ac.ir/article_8109_14e72ff93ca7a7b6597103e680457518.pdf
2005-12-01
63
71
10.30492/ijcce.2005.8109
Dielectric barrier discharge
synergy
Plasma conversion
Nonoxidative
Methane
C2+ hydrocarbons
Diluant
Mohammad Sadegh
Haji Tarverdi
1
Catalysis and Reaction Engineering Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Tehran, P.O. Box 11365-4563, Tehran, I.R. IRAN
AUTHOR
Yadollah
Mortazavi
mortazav@ut.ac.ir
2
Catalysis and Reaction Engineering Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Tehran, P.O. Box 11365-4563, Tehran, I.R. IRAN
LEAD_AUTHOR
Abbas Ali
Khodadadi
3
Catalysis and Reaction Engineering Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Tehran, P.O. Box 11365-4563, Tehran, I.R. IRAN
AUTHOR
Shamsoddin
Mohajerzadeh
4
Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Tehran, P.O. Box 11365-4563, Tehran, I.R. IRAN
AUTHOR
[1] Lunsford, J.H., Catalytic conversion of methane to more useful chemicals and fuels: a challenge for the 21st century, Catal. Today, 63, 165 (2000).
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[2] Fox, J.M., Catal. Rev. Sci. Eng., 35, 169, (1993).
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[3] Parkyns, N.D., Warburton, C.I. and Wilson, J.D., Natural gas conversion to liquid fuels and chemicals: Where does it stand?, Catal. Today, 18, 385 (1993).
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[4] Liu, C.J., Eliasson, B., Xue, B., Li, Y. and Wang, Y., React. Kinet. Catal. Lett., 74, 71 (2001).
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[5] Mallinson, R. G., Sliepcevich, C. M., and Rusek, S., ‘‘Methane Partial Oxidation in Alternating Electric Fields,’’ Division of Fuel Chemsitry,Proc. Amer. Chem. Soc. Meeting, Vol. 32, No. 3, American. Chemical Society, San Francisco (1987).
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[6] Bhatnager, R., and Mallinson, R. G., ‘‘The Partial Oxidation of Methane Under the Influence of an AC Electric Discharge,’’ Methane and Alkane Con-version Chemistry, Bhasin, M. M. and Slocum, D. N., eds., Plenum, New York, 249 (1995).
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[7] Larkin, D. W., Caldwell, T. A., Lobban, L. L. and Mallinson, R. G., Oxygen Pathways and Carbon Dioxide Utilization in Methane Partial Oxidation in Ambient Temperature Electric Discharges, Energy & Fuels, 124, 740 (1998).
7
[8] Rosacha, L. A., Anderson, G. K., Bechtold, L. A., Coogan, J. J., Heck, H. G., Kang, M., McCulla, W.H., Tennant, R.A. and Watnuck, P.J., “Treatment of Hazardous Wastes Using Silent Discharge Plasmas”, Non-Thermal Plasma Technique for Pollution Control, Penetrante, B.M. and Schultheis, S.E., eds., NATO ASI Ser., Vol. G 34, Part B, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg (1993).
8
[9] Eliasson, B., Liu, C.J. and Kogelschatz, U., Direct Conversion of Methane and Carbon Dioxide to Higher Hydrocarbons Using Catalytic Dielectric-Barrier Discharges with Zeolites, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 39, 1221 (2000).
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[10] Yao, S.L., Nakayama, A. and Suzuki, E., Methane conversion using a high-frequency pulsed plasma: Discharge features, AIChE J., 47, 419 (2001).
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[11] Suib, S.L. and Zerger, R.P., A Direct, Continuous, Low-Power Catalytic Conversion of Methane to Higher Hydrocarbons via Microwave Plasmas, J. Catal., 139, 383 (1993).
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[12] Liu C.J., Mallinson R., Lobban L., Comparative investigations on plasma catalytic methane conversion to higher hydrocarbons over zeolites, Appl. Catal. A, 178, 17 (1999).
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[13] Yao, S.L., Ouyang, F., Nakayama, A., Suzuki, E., Okumoto, M. and Mizuno, A., Oxidative Coupling and Reforming of Methane with Carbon Dioxide Using a High-Frequency Pulsed Plasma, Energy & Fuels, 14, 910 (2000).
13
[14] Jeong, H.K., Kim, S.C., Han, C., Lee, H., Song, H.K. and Na, B.K., Conversion of Methane to Higher Hydrocarbons in Pulsed DC Barrier Discharge at Atmospheric Pressure, Korean J. Chem. Eng., 18, 196 (2001).
14
[15] Kado, S., Sekine, Y. and Fujimoto, K., Direct synthesis of acetylene from methane by direct current pulse discharge, Chem. Commun., 2485 (1999).
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[16] Liu, C.J., Xue, B., Eliasson, B., He, F., Li, Y. and Xu, G.H., Methane Conversion to Higher Hydro-carbons in the Presence of Carbon Dioxide Using Dielectric-Barrier Discharge Plasmas, Plasma Chem. Plasma Processing, 21, 301 (2001).
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[17] Tao Jiang , Yang Li , Chang-jun Liu , Gen-hui Xu, Baldur Eliasson , Bingzhang Xue, Plasma methane conversion using dielectric-barrier discharges with zeolite A, Catalysis Today, 72, 229 (2002).
17
[18] Thanyachotpaiboon, K., Chavadej, S., Caldwell, T. A., Lobban, L.L. and Mallinson, R.G., Con-version of Methane to Higher Hydrocarbons in AC Nonequilibrium Plasmas, AIChE Journal, 44 (10), 2252, October (1998).
18
[19] Shuiliang, Y., Nakayama, A. and Suzuki, E., Methane conversion using a high-frequency pulsed plasma: Important factors, AIChE Journal, 47 (2), 413 (2001).
19
[20] Shuiliang, Y., Nakayama, A. and Suzuki, E., Methane conversion using a high-frequency pulsed plasma: Discharge factors, AIChE Journal, 47 (2), 419 (2001).
20
[21] Yang, Y., Direct Non-oxidative methane conversion by non-thermal plasma: Experimental study, Plasma Chemistry and Plasma Processing, 23 (2), 283 (2003).
21
[22] Huang, J. and Suib, S.L., Dimerization of methane through microwave plasma, J. Phys. Chem., 97, 9403 (1993).
22
[23] Oumghar, A., Lerand, J.C., Diamy, A.M., Turillon, N. and Ben-Aim., A Kinetic of Methane Conversion By A Dinitrogen Microwave Plasma, Plasma Chemistry and Plasma Processing, 14 (3), p. 229 (1994).
23
[24] Hsieh, L. T., Lee, W. j., Chen, C.Y., Chang, M.B. and Chang, H.C., Converting Methane By Using An RF Plasma Reactor, Plasma Chemistry and Plasma processing, 18 (2), p. 215 (1998).
24
[25] Yao, S., Nakayama, A. and Suzuki, E., Acetylene and hydrogen from pulsed plasma conversion of methane, Catalysis Today, 71, 219 (2001).
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[26] Stephanie L. Brock, Manuel Marquez, z Steven L. Suib, y,1 Yuji Hayashi, and Hiroshige Matsumoto, Plasma Decomposition of CO2 in the Presence of Metal Catalysts, Journal of Catalysis, 180, 225 (1998).
26
[27] Bagheri-Tar, F., Khodadadi, A.A., Malekzadeh A. and Mohajerzadeh, S.S., Oxidative Coupling of Methane in a Negative DC Corona Reactor at Low Temperature, Can. J. Chem. Eng., 81 (1), 37 (2003).
27
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
X-ray Diffraction and SEM Studies on the Effect of Temperature on the Formation of Main Phase Sr2MgSi2O7 Using a Wet and Dry Method for its Preparation
A pure Silicate host namely Sr2MgSi2O7 as a support for a long-lasting afterglow when dopped with rare-earth elements was sought after. To this end the process of obtaining firing temperatures of the above mentioned phase in normal condition was carried out using suggested wet and dry methods. The degree of purity obtained in these preparatory methods as well as the different firing temperatures were studied by the aid of SEM and XRD techniques. It was found that for the wet method there exists a temperature beyond which the amount of impurity remained constant. There also existed a temperature at which both the wet and dry methods gave the same amount of impurity. Beyond this temperature the wet method would be preferred.
https://ijcce.ac.ir/article_8110_353091d62f9702f228dbcac6e4e00226.pdf
2005-12-01
73
78
10.30492/ijcce.2005.8110
Silicate host
Main phase
Firing temperature
Wet and dry methods
Ali Asghar
Sabbagh Alvani
sabbagh_alvani@cic.aut.ac.ir
1
Department of Polymer Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, P.O. Box 15875-4413, Tehran, I.R. IRAN
LEAD_AUTHOR
Ali Asghar
Sarabi
2
Department of Polymer Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, P.O. Box 15875-4413, Tehran, I.R. IRAN
AUTHOR
Fathollah
Moztarzadeh
3
Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, I.R. IRAN
AUTHOR
Mohammad
Rabie
4
Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, I.R. IRAN
AUTHOR
Mohammad Javad
Kamali
5
Department of Chemical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, I.R. IRAN
AUTHOR
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[5] Sabbagh Alvani A. A., Moztarzadeh F., and Sarabi A. A., European Powder Diffraction Conference IX, Prague, Czech Republic, Sep. (2004).
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[6] Blasse, G. and Wanamaker, W. L., et al., Fluorescence of Eu+2 activated silicates, Philips Res. Repts, 23, 189(1968).
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[7] Yamazaki, K., Nakabayashi, H., Kotera, Y. and Ueno, A., Fluorescence of Eu+2 activated binary alkaline earth silicates, J. Electrochem. Soc., 133, 657 (1986).
7
[8] Sabbagh Alvani A. A., Moztarzadeh F., Sarabi A. A., Effects of dopant concentrations on phosphore-scence properties of Eu/Dy doped Sr3MgSi2O8, J. Luminescence, 114, 131 (2005).
8
[9] Sabbagh Alvani, A. A., Moztarzadeh, F., Sarabi, A. A., Preparation and properties of long afterglow in alkaline earth silicate phosphors co-doped by Eu2O3 and Dy2O3, J. Luminescence, 115, 147 (2005).
9