ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Parametric Study of Operation and Performance of a PEM Fuel Cell Using Numerical Method
Output characteristics of fuel cells are affected by a large number of parameters such as geometry, dimensions, construction materials and conditions of supplying fluids. In this paper a mathematical model followed by a two-dimensional numerical approach has been presented to study the fuel cell parametrically. Effect of oxygen concentration at gas diffusion layer entrance, temperature and pressure of the fluid in channels and thickness of membrane for various current densities were studied. The results show that increasing pressure and input oxygen concentration as well as decreasing membrane thickness improve power density and raise limiting current density.
https://ijcce.ac.ir/article_6925_852f0e41d5f3d6de2277f55c22663245.pdf
2008-06-01
1
12
10.30492/ijcce.2008.6925
Proton exchange membrane fuel cell
parametric study
Numerical
Heat Transfer
Mass transfer
Mehdi
Seddiq
1
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, I.R. IRAN
AUTHOR
Hassan
Khaleghi
khaleghi@modares.ac.ir
2
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, I.R. IRAN
LEAD_AUTHOR
Masaud
Mirzaei
3
Faculty of Aerospace Engineering, K.N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, I.R. IRAN
AUTHOR
[1] Larminie, J. and Dicks, A., “Fuel Cell Explained”, 2nd Ed., John Wiley & Sons, West Sussex, pp. 1-14, 53-59 (2003).
1
[2] Evans, J.P., Ellis, M.W., Von Spakovsky, M.R., Nelson, D.J., Experimental Evaluation of the Effect of Inlet Gas Humidification on Fuel Cell Per-formance, M.S. Thesis for Mechanical Engineering in Virginia Polytechnic and State University, (2003).
2
[3] Bernardi, D.N. and Verbrugge, M.W., Mathematical Model of a Gas Diffusion Electrode Bonded to a Polymer Electrolyte, AIChE J., 37, 1151 (1991).
3
[4] Chu, H.S., Yeh, C., Chen, F., Effects of Porosity Change of Gas Diffuser on Performance of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell, J. of Power Sources, 123, 1 (2003).
4
[5] Singh, D., Lu, D.M., Djilali, N., A Two-Dimensional Analysis of Mass Transport in Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells, Int. J. of Engineering Science, 37, 431 (1999).
5
[6] Kermani, M.J., Stockie, J.M., Gerber, A.G., Condensation in the Cathode of a PEM Fuel Cell, 11th Annual Conference of CFD Society of Canada.
6
[7] Berning, T., Lu, D.M., Djilali, N., Three-Dimensional Computational Analysis of Transport Phenomena in a PEM Fuel Cell, J. of Power Sources,106, 284 (2002).
7
[8] Um, S. and Wang, C.Y., Three-Dimensional Analysis of Transport and Electrochemical Reactions in Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells, J. Power Sources, 125, 40 (2004).
8
[9] Meng, H. and Wang, C.Y., Electron Transport in PEFCs, J. of The Electrochemical Society, 151(3), A358 (2004).
9
[10] Seddiq, M., Khaleghi, H. and Mirzaei, M., Numerical Analysis of Gas Cross-Over through the Membrane in a Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell, J. Power Sources, 161(1), 371 (2006).
10
[11] Perry, R.H. and Chilton, C.H., “Chemical Engineers’ Handbook”, Fifth Ed., McGraw-Hill, Tokyo, pp. 3_96-3_98, 3_222-3_235 (1982).
11
[12] Patankar, S.V., “Numerical Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow, Hemisphere”, New York, (1980).
12
[13] Wang, L., Husar, A., Zhou, T., Liu, H., A Parametric Study of PEM Fuel Cell Performances, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 28, 1263 (2003).
13
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Modeling and Simulation of Olefin Polymerization at Microstructure Level
A new model based on a combination of the polymeric multigrain and multilayer models has been developed to predict the polymerization rate, particle growth, morphology, effective parameters on broadening of the molecular weight distribution, number and weight average of the molecular weight, isotacticity index and bulk density of polymer. Mathematical correlations and the kinetics used in this model are based on the polymeric multigrain and the multilayer models, respectively. In the modeling, multiplicity of active site using different kinetics parameters as well as deactivation of catalyst during the polymerization have been considered,. Moreover, it considers mass transfer effects on polymerization characteristics. The Effects of physico-chemical aspects of catalyst associated with the polymerization in slurry phase are also considered in this model. In addition, the effects of more important model parameters including time step, number of layers and number of active sites on the produced polymer features are reviewed. The model predictions show that propagation rate constant, multiplicity of active site, concentration of any individual active site type, and the initial size of the catalyst particles have considerable effects on the properties of the final polymer. The results obtained from simulation with this new combined model confirm at least better qualitative prediction of the polymerization characteristics in comparison with simulation results of the multigrain model (MGM) and the two models mentioned above.
https://ijcce.ac.ir/article_6926_d235d44f3e5736df346718beb80468a6.pdf
2008-06-01
13
22
10.30492/ijcce.2008.6926
Modeling
Simulation
Polyolefin
polymerization
Microstructure
Ziegler-Natta
Ali
Dashti
1
Polymer Engineering Group, Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, P.O. Box 11155-9465 Tehran, I.R. IRAN
AUTHOR
Ahmad
Ramazani S.A.
ramazani@sharif.edu
2
Polymer Engineering Group, Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, P.O. Box 11155-9465 Tehran, I.R. IRAN
LEAD_AUTHOR
[1] Agarwal, U.S., Modelling Olefin Polymerization on Heterogeneous Catalyst: Polymer Resistance at the Microparticle Level, Chemical Engineering Science, 53, 3941 (1998).
1
[2] Boor, J., “Ziegler-Natta Catalysts and Poly-merization”, Academic Press, New York (1979).
2
[3] Singh, D. and Merrill, R. P., Molecular Weight Distribution of Polyethylene Produced by Ziegler-Natta Catalysts, Macromolecules, 4(5), 599 (1971).
3
[4] Schmeal, W.R., Street, J.R., Polymerization in Expanding Catalysts, AIChE J., 17 (5), 1189 (1971).
4
[5] Floyd, S., Choi, K Y., Taylor, T. W. and Ray, W. H., Polymerization of Olefins through Heterogeneous Catalysis, IV. Modeling of Heat and Mass Transfer Resistance in the Polymer Particle Boundary Layer, Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 31, 2231 (1986a).
5
[6] Floyd, S., Choi, K. Y., Taylor, T. W. and Ray, W. H., Polymerization of Olefins through Heterogeneous Catalysis, III. Polymer Particle Modeling with an Analysis of Intraparticle Heat and Mass Transfer Effects, Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 32, 2935 (1986b).
6
[7] Galvan, R. and Tirrell, M., Molecular Weight Distribution Predictions for Heterogeneous Ziegler-Natta Polymerization using a Two-Site Model, Chemical Engineering Science, 41, 2385 (1986).
7
[8] Sarkar, P., Gupta, S.K., Modelling of Propylene Polymerization in an Isothermal Slurry Reactor, Polymer, 32 (15), 2842 (1991).
8
[9] Sarkar, P., Gupta, S.K., Simulation of Propylene Polymerization: an Efficient Algorithm, Polymer, 33 (7), 1477 (1992).
9
[10] Hutchinson, R. A., Chen, C. M. and Ray, W. H., Polymerization of Olefins through Heterogeneous Catalysis, X. Modeling of Particle Growth and Morphology, Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 44, 1389 (1992).
10
[11] Soares, J.B.P., Hamielec, A.E., General Dynamic Mathematical Modeling of Heterogeneous Ziegler-Natta and Metallocene Catalyzed Copolymerization with Multiple Site Types and Mass and Heat Transfer Resistances, Polym. Reac. Eng., 3(3), 261 (1995).
11
[12] Kanellopoulos, V., Dompazis, G., Gustafsson, B. and Kiparissides, C., Comprehensive Analysis of Single-Particle Growth in Heterogeneous Olefin Polymerization: The Random-Pore Polymeric Flow Model, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 43 (17), 5166 (2004).
12
[13] Nagel, E. J., Kirillov, V. A. and Ray, W. H., Prediction of Molecular Weight Distributions for High-Density Polyolefins, Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Product Research and Development, 19, 372 (1980).
13
[14] Floyd, S., Heiskanen, T., Taylor, T. W., Mann, G. E. and Ray, W. H., Polymerization of Olefins through Heterogeneous Catalysis, VI. Effect of Particle Heat and Mass Transfer on Polymerization Behavior and Polymer Properties, Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 33, 1021 (1987).
14
[15] De Carvalho, A.B., Gloor, P.E., Hamielec, A.E., A Kinetic Mathematical Model for Heterogeneous Ziegler-Natta Copolymerization, Polymer, 30, 280 (1989).
15
[16] McAuley, K.B., MacGregor, J.F., Hamielec, A.E., A Kinetic Model for Industrial Gas-Phase Ethylene Polymerization, AIChE J., 36 (6), 837 (1990).
16
[17] Li, J., Tekie, Z., Mizan, T. I. and Morsi, B. I., Gas-Liquid Mass Transfer in a Slurry Reactor Operating Under Olefininc Polymerization Process Conditions, Chemical Engineering Science, 51(4), p. 549 (1996).
17
[18] Dashti, A., Modeling of Particle Growth and Morphology of Slurry Phase Polypropylene Polymerization Using Heterogeneous Ziegler Natta Catalysts, M.Sc. Thesis, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, (2003).
18
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Effect of Sweeteners on Viscosity and Particle Size of Dilute Guar Gum Solutions
The effects of some synthetic sweeteners on the rheological and physical properties of guar gum in dilute solutions were investigated.Measurements include the determination of intrinsic viscosity and the particle size, surface weighted mean [D3, 2], volume weighted mean [D4,3] and specificsurface area ofguar gum andsyntheticsweeteners mixtures. The concentration of these sweeteners were 0, 0.1, 0.2 % w/w for aspartame, acesulfame-k and cyclamate, and 0, 0.001, 0.002 % w/w for neotame. Gum was evaluated for intrinsic viscosity by various models i.e. Huggins, Kraemer, Tanglertpaibul and Rao equations. The results showed that the values obtained for intrinsic viscosity were different upon various equations used. The plot of relative viscosity versus concentration, obtained from Tanglertpaibul and Rao model described best the phenomenon. Sweeteners had no significant effect on intrinsic viscosity of guar gum solutions.
https://ijcce.ac.ir/article_6994_5be55462f8691efe4814cb1324ae2fc7.pdf
2008-06-01
23
31
10.30492/ijcce.2008.6994
Guar gum
Intrinsic viscosity
Sweetener
rheology
Vahid
Samavati
1
Department of Food Science & Engineering, Faculty of Biosystem Engineering, University of Tehran, Karadj, I.R. IRAN
AUTHOR
Sayed Hadi
Razavi
srazavi@ut.ac.ir
2
Department of Food Science & Engineering, Faculty of Biosystem Engineering, University of Tehran, Karadj, I.R. IRAN
LEAD_AUTHOR
Sayed Mohammad
Mousavi
3
Department of Food Science & Engineering, Faculty of Biosystem Engineering, University of Tehran, Karadj, I.R. IRAN
AUTHOR
[1] Sinha, V. R. and Kumria, R., Polysaccharides in Colon-Specific Drug Delivery, International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 224, 19 (2001).
1
[2] Skinner, G.W., Harcum, W.W., Barnum, P.E., Guo, J.H., Evaluation of Water Soluble Polymers in a Phenylpropanol Amine Sustained Release Tablet, in: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists, p. S14 (1998).
2
[3] Rubinstein, A. and Gliko-Kabir, I., Synthesis and Swelling Dependent Enzymatic Degradation of Borax Modified Guar Gum for Colonic Delivery Purposes, S.T.P. Pharma Science, 5, 41 (1995).
3
[4] Wong, D., Larabee, S., Clifford, K., Tremblay, J. and Friend, D. R., USP Dissolution Apparatus III (reciprocating cylinder) for Screening of Guar-Based Colonic Delivery Formulations, Journal of Controlled Release, 47, 173 (1997).
4
[5] Bayliss, C. E. and Houston, A. P., Degradation of Guar Gum by Faecal Bacteria, Applied Environmental Microbiology, 48, 626 (1986).
5
[6] Macfarlane, G. T., Hay, S., Macfarlane, S. and Gibson, G. R., Effect of Different Carbohydrates
6
on Growth, Polysaccharidase and Glycosidase Production of Bacteroides Ovatusin Batch and Continuous Culture, Journal of Applied Bacteriology, 68, 179 (1990).
7
[7] Morris, E. R., “Mixed Polymer Gels”, Harris, P. (Ed.), Food Gels, London: Elsevier Applied Science pp. 291-360 (1990).
8
[8] Dea, I. C. M., Morris, E. R., Rees, D. A., Welsh, J., Barnes, H. A. and Price, J., Associatations of Like and Unlike Polysaccharides: Mechanism and Specificity in Galactomannans, Interacting Bacterial Polysaccharides, and Related Systems, Carbo-hydrate Reesearch, 57, 249 (1977).
9
[9] McCleary, B. V., Clark, A. H., Dea, I. C. M. and Ress, D. A., The Fine Structures of Carob and Guar Galactomannans, Carbohydrate Research, 139, 237 (1985).
10
[10] McCleary, B. V., Enzymic Hydrolysis, Fine Structure, and Gelling Interaction Properties of Galactomannans, CarbohydrateResearch, 71, 205 (1979).
11
[11] Launay, B., Doublier, J. R. and Cuvelier, G.,” Flow Properties of Aqueous Solutions and Dispersions of Polysaccharides”, Mitchell, J. R. and Ledward, D. A., (Eds.), Functional Properties of Food Macro-molecules, London: Elsevier Applied Science pp. 1-78 (1986).
12
[12] Richardson, H. P., Willmer, J. and Foster, J. T., Dilute Solution Properties of Guar and Locust Bean Gum in Sucrose Solutions, Food Hydrocolloids, 12, 339 (1998).
13
[13] Bohdanecky, M. and Kovar, J., The Viscosity of Polymer Solutions of Finite Concentration, Jenkins, A. D. (Ed.), “Viscosity of Polymer Solutions”, Chap. 3, pp. 166-220, Polymer Science Library 2, Amsterdam: Elsivier (1982).
14
[14] Goycoolea, F. M., Morris, E. R., Gidely, M. J., Viscosity of Galactomannans at Alkaline and Neutral pH: Evidence of ‘Hyperentanglment’ in Solution, Carbohydrate Polymers, 27, 69 (1995).
15
[15] Elfak, A. M., Pass, G., Philips, G. O. and Morley, R. G., The Viscosity of Dilute Solutions of Guar Gum and Locust Bean Gum with and without Added Sugar, J. Sci. Fd Agric., 28(10), 895 (1977).
16
[16] Launay, B., Cuvelier, G. and Martinez-Reyes, S., Viscosity of Locust Bean, Guar, and Xanthan Gum Solutions in the Newtonian Domain: A Critical Examination of the Log (ηsp)o - logC(η)o Master Curves, Carbohydrate Polymers, 34, 385 (1997).
17
[17] Bayarri, S., Duran, L. and Costell, E., Influence of Sweeteners on the Viscoelasticity of Hydrocolloids Gelled Systems, Food Hydrocolloids, 18, 611 (2003).
18
[18] Lai, L. S. and Chiang, H. F., Rheology of Decolorized Hsian-Tsao Leaf Gum in the Dilute Domain, Food Hydrocolloids, 16, 427 (2002).
19
[19] Higiro, J., Herald, T. J., Alavi, S. and Bean. S., Rheological Study of Xanthan and Locust Bean Gum Interaction in Dilute Solution: Effect of Salts, Food Research Iinternational, 40, 435 (2006).
20
[20] Heitmann, D.I. T. and Mersmann, A., Determination of the Intrinsic Viscosity of Native Potato Starch, Starch/Sta¨ rke, 47, 426 (1995).
21
[21] McMillan, D. E., A Comparison of Five Methods for Obtaining the Intrinsic Viscosity of Bovine Serum Albumin, Biopolymers, 13, 1367 (1974).
22
[22] Huggins, M. L., The Viscosity of Dilute Solutions of Long-Chain Molecules, IV. Dependence on Concentration, Journal of the American Chemical Society, 64, 2716 (1942).
23
[23] Da Silva, J. La. L. and Rao, M. A., Viscoelastic Properties of Food Hydrocolloid Dispersions, In Rao, M. A. and Steffe, J. F., (Eds.), Viscoelastic Properties of Foods, New York: Elsevier Applied Science, pp. 285-315 (1992).
24
[24] Kraemer, E. O., Molecular Weights of Celluloses and Cellulose Derivatives,Industrialand Engineering Chemistry, 30, 1200 (1938).
25
[25] Sornsrivichai, T., A Study on Rheological Properties of Tomato Concentrates as Affected by Concen-tration Methods, Processing Conditions, and Pulp Content, Ph.D. Thesis, CornellUniversity, Ithaca, New York (1986).
26
[26] Tanglertpaibul, T. and Rao, M. A., Intrinsic Viscosity of Tomato Serum as Affected by Methods of Determination and Methods of Processing Concentrates, Journal of Food Science, 52(6), 1642 (1987).
27
[27] Chou, T.D. and Kokini, J. L., Rheological Properties and Conformation of Tomato Paste Pectins, Citrus, and Apple Pectins, Journal of Food Science, 52, 1658 (1987).
28
[28] Lapasin, R. and Pricl, S., Rheologyof Industrial Polysaccharides: Theory and Applications (Eds). Glasgow, Blackie Academic and Professional, pp. 250-494 (1995).
29
[29] Pals, D. T. and Hermans, J. J., Sodium Salts of Pectin and Carboxymethyl Cellulose in Aqueous Sodium Chloride, Recueil des Travaux Chimiques du Pays-Bas, 71, 433 (1952).
30
[30] Morris, E. R., Polysaccharide Rheology and in-Mouth Perception, In Stephen, A. M., (Ed.), Food Polysaccharides and Their Applications, New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc., pp. 517-546 (1995).
31
[31] Morris, E. R., Cutler, A. N., Ross-Murphy, S. B. and Rees, D. A., Concentration and Shear Rate Dependence of Viscosity in Random Coil Polysaccharide Solutions, Carbohydrate Polymers, 1, 5 (1995b).
32
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Experimental Investigation of the Permeability and Inertial Effect on Fluid Flow through Homogeneous Porous Media
The value of the permeability in fluid flow through porous media is important for process investigation. In low Reynolds number, the classic Darcy’s law is suitable for simulation of fluid flow. In this paper, an experimental study for evaluation of preformed fiber permeability has been done. Also, the deviations from the classical Darcy law by experimental and numerical simulation of the Navier-Stokes equations has been studied, and the coefficient of inertial term evaluated. The fluid flow in a geometry which is similar to the experimental system has been modeled as the Stokes flow on multi particles. Kozeny-Carmen relation for characteristic diameter of particles has been used as the characteristic dimension in numerical analysis. Numerical solution has been done based on the boundary elements method and the results are used for the K calculations. With experimental investigations for the fluid flows with higher Reynold’s number, the coefficients for Forchheimer term could be obtained.
https://ijcce.ac.ir/article_6995_62a37068029246f5bb256c7cc167468f.pdf
2008-06-01
33
38
10.30492/ijcce.2008.6995
Porous media
Permeability
E-glass fiber
Darcy’s law
Fluid flow
Masoud
Ziabasharhagh
mzia@kntu.ac.ir
1
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, K.N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, I.R. IRAN
LEAD_AUTHOR
Faezeh
Mosallat
2
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, K.N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, I.R. IRAN
AUTHOR
Mohammad Reza
Shahnazari
3
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, K.N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, I.R. IRAN
AUTHOR
[1] Dullien F.A.L, “Porous Media-Fluid Transport and Pore Struchure”, Academic , New York , (1979).
1
[2] Jackson, G.W., James, D.F, The Permeability of Fibrous Porous Media, Canadaian Journal of Chemical Eng., 64, 364 (1986).
2
[3] Gauvin, R. and Chibani. M., Anallysis of Composites Molding with Woren and Non Woven Rein-forcements, in 45th Annual Conference, Composites Institute, The Society of Plastic Industry, 1-6 (1990).
3
[4] Parseral, y.de , Roy, R.V., Advani, S.G., Effect of Local Variations of Perform Permeability on the Average Permebility Auring Resin Transfer Molding of Composites, in 53rd Annual Tech. Conf.,Vol. 2,
4
pp. 3040-3044, Boston, Massach Usetts, (1955).
5
[5] Steenkamer, D.A., Mcknight, SH., Willkins, D.S., Karbhari, V.M., Experimental Characterzation of Permeability and Fiber Weperimeutal Character-Zation of Permeabilty and Fiber Weting for Liquid Molding, Journal of Mocterial Science, 30 (12) (1995).
6
[6] Sahimi, M., “Application of Percolation Theory”, Taylor and Francis, London, (1994); Flow and Transport in Porous Media and Fractured Rock, VCH, Boston, (1995).
7
[7] Vafai , K., Tien , C.L., Boundary and Inertia Effects on Converction Mass Transfer in Porous Media,
8
Int. J. of Heat and Mass Transfer, 25, p.1183 (1982).
9
[8] Shahnazari, M. , Ziabasharhagh, M., “Theoretical and Experimental Investigation of the Channeling Effect in Fluid Flow through Porous Media”, Journal of Porous Media, 8(2), 1 (2005).
10
[9] Shahnazari, M. , Ziabasharhagh, M., Abbassi, A., “Investigation of Stokes Flow on Multi- Particles
11
for Predicion of One Non-Homogeneous Porous Media Permeability”, Computational Fluid Dynamic Conference, Canada, (2003).
12
[10] Kaviani, M., “Principles of Heat Transfer in Porous Media”, 2nd Ed., Springer Verlag, New York (1991).
13
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Investigation of Natural Convection in a Vertical Cavity Filled with a Anisotropic Porous Media
In present paper, a numerical analysis for a rectangular cavity filled with a anisotropic porous media has been studied. It is assumed that the horizontal walls are adiabatic and impermeable, while the side walls of the cavity are maintained at constant temperatures and concentrations. The buoyancy force that induced the fluid motion are assumed to be cooperative. In the two extreme cases of heat-driven (N 1) and solute-driven (N 1) natural convection, scale analysis is applied to predict the order of magnitudes involved in the boundary layer regime. Especially, the effects of anisotropic properties on heat and mass transfer have been considered. The variation of Nusselt and Sherwood numbers for values of permeability ratio for a wide range of thermal Rayleigh number, buoyancy ratio, and Lewis number are presented. It is demonstrated that the anisotropic properties of the porous medium considerably modify the heat and mass transfer rates from that expected under isotropic conditions.
https://ijcce.ac.ir/article_6996_fa4b49061a6d069a8558afeb5dde77d9.pdf
2008-06-01
39
45
10.30492/ijcce.2008.6996
Natural convection
Vertical cavity
Non-isotrop
Porous media
Sayed Mojtaba
Muasavi
aerospace@kntu.ac.ir
1
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, K.N. Toosi University of Technology, P.O. Box 19395-1999 Tehran, I.R. IRAN
LEAD_AUTHOR
Mohammad Reza
Shahnazari
2
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, K.N. Toosi University of Technology, P.O. Box 19395-1999 Tehran, I.R. IRAN
AUTHOR
[1] Nilsen, T., Staresletten, An Analytical Study on Natural Convection in Isotropic and Anisotropic Porous Channels, Trans. ASME: J. Heat Transfer, 112, 396 (1990).
1
[2] Nild, D., Bejan A. “Convective in Porous Media”, Springer, New York, (1992).
2
[3] Ingham, D.B., Pop, I., “Transport Phenomena in Prous Media”, Pergamon, Oxford (1998).
3
[4] Ni, J., Beckerman, C., Natural Convection in a Vertical Enclosure Filled with Anisotropic Porous Media, Trans. ASME: J. Heat Transfer, 113, 1033 (1991).
4
[5] Trew, M., Mckibbin, R., Convective in Anisotropic Inclined Porous Layer, Trans P., Porous Media,17, 271 (1994).
5
[6] Degan, G., Vassenr, P., Natural Convection in a Vertical Stot Filled with an Anisotropic Porous Medium with Oblique Principal Axes, Heat Transfer, 30 A, 397 (1996).
6
[7] Bera, P., Eswaran, P., Singh, Numerical Study of Heat and Mass Transfer in an Anisotropic Prous Enclosure Due to Constant Heating and Cooling, Heat Transfer, 34 A, 887 (1998).
7
[8] Watson, A., The Effect of the Inversion Temp. on theConvection of Water in an Enclosed Rectangular Cavity, J. Mech, Appl. Math., 25(u), 423 (1992).
8
[9] Iskava, Isikava T., Hirata, S., Numerical Simulation of Natural Convection with Density Inversion in a Square Cavity, Heat Transfer, 37 A, 395 (2000).
9
[10] Chang, W. J., Yang, D. F., Transient Natural Convection of Water Near its Density in a Rectangular Cavity Filled with Porous Medium, Heat Transfer, 28 A, 619 (1995).
10
[11] Goyeau, D. Gobin, D., Heat Transfer by Thermo-solutal Natural Canvection in a Vertical Porous Cavity, Journal of Heat Transfer, 120, (1998).
11
[12] Tervisan, E., Bejan A., Natural Convection in a Vertical Slot Filled with an Anisotropic Porous Medium, Int. J. Heat Fluid Flow, 18, 334 (1997).
12
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Characterization of Asphaltene Using Potential Energy and Nanocalculation
The basics of quantum mechanics and statistical thermodynamics were used to predict the potential energy and intermolecular forces of asphaltene molecules. The parameters associated with the chemical structure were also estimated for a specific asphaltene molecule to predict the Mie potential function. Based on the structural results, a new form of the Virial EOS with Peneloux correction was developed to estimate the density, solubility parameter and a correction factor that accounts for the structural effect of asphaltene. In this way, asphaltenes were considered as polymer-like compounds consisting of aggregates of a monodisperse. Finally, three new correlations were developed to predict the key parameters of asphaltenes, namely structural coefficient, density and solubility as functions of temperature and molecular weight. The correlations facilitate the calculation of the numerical methods of these parameters. These parameters were also compared successfully with the results found by the Soave Redlich Kwong equation of state. Meanwhile, at first the stage asphaltene was extracted and the roughness of the asphaltene coating in different rpm was studied by using of image analysis confocal microscopy.
https://ijcce.ac.ir/article_6997_19508f21766be9825e5ce2889ac8a2d2.pdf
2008-06-01
47
58
10.30492/ijcce.2008.6997
Modeling
Asphaltene
Nanotechnology
Intermolecular forces
Potential energy
Samad
Sabbaghi
1
Department of Chemical Engineering, Shiraz University, Shiraz, I.R. IRAN
AUTHOR
Abdolhossein
Jahanmiri
jahanmir@shirazu.ac.ir
2
Department of Chemical Engineering, Shiraz University, Shiraz, I.R. IRAN
LEAD_AUTHOR
Shahaboddin
Ayatollahi
3
Department of Chemical Engineering, Shiraz University, Shiraz, I.R. IRAN
AUTHOR
Mojtaba
Shariaty Niassar
4
School of Chemical Engineering, University College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, I.R. IRAN
AUTHOR
Gholam Ali
Mansoori
5
Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Illinois, Chicago, USA
AUTHOR
[1] David, A., AIChE(Am. Inst. Chem. Eng.) Symp. Ser., 69 (127), 56 (1973).
1
[2] Lichaa, P.M., Can. Pet. Tec. J., Jun., 609 (1977).
2
[3] Sabbaghi, S., Jahanmiri, A., Shariaty Niassar, M., Ayatollahi, Sh. and Boushehri, A., Int. J. Nanosci. & Nanotech.(IJNN), 1, 31 (2005).
3
[4] Mansoori, G. A. and Jiang, T.S., Proc. 3rd Eur. Conf. on Enhanced Oil Recovery, Rome, (1985).
4
[5] Mansoori, G.A., J. Pet. Sci. &Eng., 16, 101, (1999).
5
[6] Andersen, S. and Speight, L., J. Pet. Sci. & Eng., 22, 53 (1999).
6
[7] Thomas, F.R., Bennion, D.W. and Hunter, RE., Can. Pet. Tech., 31, p.22 (1992).
7
[8] Alexander, G.L., Creagh, A. L. and Prausnitz, J. M., Ind. Eng. Chem. Fund., 24, 301 (1985).
8
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[16] Sabbaghi, S., Shariaty Niassar, M., Mansoori, G. A., Ayatollahi, Sh. and Jahanmiri, A., Nano Europe Fair & Conf., Sep. 12-14, Switzerland, Olma Messen St. Gallen, (2006).
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[17] Sabbaghi, S., Ayatollahi, Sh., Shariaty Niassar, M., Jahanmiri, A., The MESM'2006 International Middle Eastern Multiconference on Simulation and Modeling, Alexandria 28-30, Alexandria, Egypt, (2006).
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[24] Akiyoshi, S., Satimi, K., Nobuaki, M. and Kenro, H., Chem. Phys. Lett., 391, 101 (2004).
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[25] Yu Zhang, Shi. Hong-Yun, J. Molecular Structure (Theochem), 589-590, 89 (2002).
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[27] Spencer, C.F. and Danner, R. P., Chem. Eng. Data, 17, 236 (1972).
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[29] Akbarzadeh, K., Ph.D. Dissertation, Dept. of Chem.Eng., Shiraz University, Iran, January, (2002).
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34
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Thermodynamical Studies of Irreversible Sorption of CO2 by Wyodak Coal
Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), temperature programmed desorption mass spectrometry (TPD-MS) and small angle neutron scattering (SANS) were used to investigate CO2 uptake by the Wyodak coal. Adsorption of carbon dioxide on Wyodak coal was studied by DSC. The exotherms evident at low temperatures are associated with the uptake of CO2 suggesting that carbon dioxide interacts strongly with the coal surface. Reduction in the value of the exotherms between the first and second runs for the Wyodak coal suggests that some CO2 is irreversibly bound to the structure even after heating to 200 °C. DSC results also showed that adsorption of CO2 on the coal surface is an activated process and presumably at the temperature of the exotherms there is enough thermal energy to overcome the activation energy for adsorption. The adsorption process is instantly pursued by much slower diffusion of the gas molecules into the coal matrix (absorption). Structural rearrangement in coal by CO2 is examined by change in the glass transition temperature of coal after CO2 uptake at different pressures. The amount of gas dissolved in the coal increases with increasing CO2 pressure. TPD-MS showed that CO2 desorption from the Wyodak coal follows a first order kinetic model. Increase in the activation energy for desorption with pre-adsorbed CO2 pressure suggests that higher pressures facilitate the transport of CO2 molecules through the barriers therefore the amount of CO2 uptake by the coal is greater at higher pressures and more attempts are required to desorb CO2 molecules sorbed at elevated pressures. These conclusions were further confirmed by examining the Wyodak coal structure in high pressure CO2 by SANS.
https://ijcce.ac.ir/article_6998_6e57153e57fecb70f715eae77cfc0f10.pdf
2008-06-01
59
68
10.30492/ijcce.2008.6998
Coal
CO2
Adsorption
Desorption
Storage
Structural Change
Mojtaba
Mirzaeian
mojtaba.mirzaeian@strath.ac.uk
1
Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G1 1XJ, Scotland, UK
LEAD_AUTHOR
Peter. J
Hall
2
Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G1 1XJ, Scotland, UK
AUTHOR
[1] Gentzis, T., Int. J. Coal Geol., 43, 287 (2000).
1
[2] Tamburri, M. N., Peltzer, E. T., Friederich, G. E., Aya, I., Yamane, K., Brewer, P.G., MarineChemistry, 72, 95 (2000).
2
[3] Van Krevelen, D.W., In “Coal”,Elsevier, Amsterdam, (1961).
3
[4] Green, T. L., Kovac, J., Larsen, J. W., Fuel, 63, 935 (1984).
4
[5] Green, T.L., Kovac, J., Brenner, D., Larsen, J. W., In “Coal Structure”, Meyers, R. A., Ed., Academic Press: New York, 199 (1982).
5
[6] Hsieh, S. T., Duda, J. L., Fuel, 66, 170 (1987).
6
[7] Reucroft, P. J., Sethuraman, A. R., Energy Fuels,1, 72 (1987).
7
[8] Reucroft, P. J., Patel, H., Fuel, 65, 816 (1986).
8
[9] Mahajan, O. P., Carbon ,29, 735 (1991).
9
[10] White, C. M., Smith, D. H., Jones, K. L., Goodman, A. L., Jikich, S. A., LaCount, R. B., DuBose, S. B., Ozdemir, E., Morsi, B. I., Schroeder, K. T., Energy Fuels,19, 659 (2005).
10
[11] Ellis, M. S., Flores, R. M., Ochs, A. M., Stricker, G.D., Gunther, G.L., Rossi, G.S., Bader, L.R., Schuenemeyer, J.H., Power, H.C., U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1625-A,84 (1999).
11
[12] Winans, R. E., Thiyagarajan, P., Energy Fuels,2, 356 (1988).
12
[13] King, S. M., In “Modern Techniques for Polymer Characterisation”, Pethrick, R. A., Dawkins, J. V., Ed., John Wiley & Sons, 171 (1999).
13
[14] Hall, P.J., Brown, S. D., Calo, J. M., Fuel, 79, 1327 (2000).
14
[15] Rouquerol, F., Rouquerol, J., Sing, K., “Adsorption by Powders and Porous Solids, Principles, Methodology and Applications”, Academic Press, New York, (1999).
15
[16] Nishino, J., Fuel, 80, 757 (2001).
16
[17] Mackinnon, A. J., Antxustegi, M. M., Hall, P. J., Fuel,73(1), 113 (1994).
17
[18] Mackinnon, A. J., Hall, P. J., Energy Fuels,9,25 (1995).
18
[19] Larsen, J. W., Int. J. Coal Geol. , 57, 63 (2004).
19
[20] Redhead, P. A., Vacuum, 12, 203 (1962).
20
[21] Hall, P.J., Larsen, J. W., Energy Fuels ,7, 47 (1993).
21
[22] Mirzaeian, M., Hall, P. J., Energy Fuels,20, 2022 (2006).
22
[23] Goodman, A. L., Favors, R. N., Hill, M. M., Larsen, J. W., Energy Fuels,19, 1759 (2005).
23
[24] Rudzinski, W., Borowiecki, T., Panczyk, T., Dominko, A., Advances in Colloid and Interface Science, 84 (12), 1 (2000).
24
[25] Reid, C. R., Thomas, K. M., Langmuir, 15, 3206 (1999).
25
[26] Habenschaden, E., Kuppers, J., Surf. Sci.,138, L147 (1984).
26
[27] Meyers, R. A., In “Coal Structure”, Academic Press, INC: New York, (1982).
27
[28] Hall, P. J., Antxustegi, M. M., Mackinnon, A. J., Burchill, P., Winans, R. E., Thiyagarajan, P., Energy Fuels,8 (6), 1526 (1994).
28
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Producion of Nanoparticle Assemblies by Electro-Spraying and Freeze-Drying of Colloids: A New Method to Resolve Handling Problem of Nanoparticles
To resolve handling problem of nanoparticles, due to their small size, a new methodology of electro-spraying and freeze-drying was developed for colloidal nanoparticles of silica and titania to transform them to solid macro-scale nanoparticle assemblies. The assemblies were then redispersed in an aqueous system to investigate the effect of formulation of original solutions and the process parameters on reversibility of the system to a stabilised colloidal condition. The electro-spraying was employed to control the size of droplets and consequently the size of nanoparticle assemblies in the freeze-drying. High speed digital video recording of the spray process revealed that within a narrow range of voltage, the size of droplets reduced sharply to a minimum value, where a narrow size distribution was obtained. Non-destructive structural analysis of the freeze-dried nanoparticle assemblies using X-ray micro-tomography represented different structures of the nanoparticle assemblies depending on type of nanoparticles. The stability analysis of redispersed nanoparticles in water (using centrifugal stability analyser) and their size distribution (obtained by nano-sizer) showed different stability conditions. These conditions were affected by physicochemical properties of nanoparticle assemblies and process parameters. In terms of titania, it was found that with an appropriate formulation of PEG solution (as binder of assemblies) and optimum size of the nanoparticle assemblies it was possible to produce assemblies having adequate strength and good re-dispersion properties.
https://ijcce.ac.ir/article_7000_1057246a14df208da326c110f902ea1a.pdf
2008-06-01
69
79
10.30492/ijcce.2008.7000
Electro-spray
Freeze-drying
Nanoparticle assemblies
Colloids
Redispersion
Abdolreza
Samimi
a.samimi@hamoon.usb.ac.ir
1
Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan, I.R. IRAN
LEAD_AUTHOR
Mojtaba
Ghadiri
2
Institute of Particle Science and Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
AUTHOR
[1] Tabor, D., “Adhesion of Solids”, Tribology in Particulate Technology, Eds. Briscoe, B.J. and Adams, M.J., Bristol, Adam Hilger, pp. 206-219 (1987).
1
[2] Kendall, K., Behaviour of Particle Assemblies-Relevance to Ceramic Processing, Mater. Forum, 11, 61 (1988).
2
[3] Kendall, K. and Weihs, T.P., Adhesion of Nanoparticles within Spray-Dried Agglomerates,
3
J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., 25, A3-A8 (1992).
4
[4] Pietsch, W., Hoffman, E., Rumpf, H., Tensile Strength of Moist Agglomerates, Ind. Eng. Chem., 8(1), 58 (1969).
5
[5] Rumpf, H., “Particle Technology”, Powder Technology Series, Chapman and Hall, New York, (1975).
6
[6] Mende, S., Stenger, F., Peukert, W., Schwedes, J., Mechanical Production and Stabilization of Submicron Particles in Stirred Media Mills, Powder Technology, 132, 64 (2003).
7
[7] Uhland, S., Cima, M., Sachs, E., Additives-Enhanced Redispersion of Ceramic Agglomerates, J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 86 (9), 1487 (2003).
8
[8] Uhland, S., Holman, R., Morisette, S., Cima, M., and Sachs, E., Strength of Green Ceramics with Low Binder Content, J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 84 (12), 2809 (2001).
9
[9] Parsegian, V., Rand, R., Fuller, N., Rau, D., Osmotic Stress for the Direct Measurement of Intermolecular Forces, Methods Enzymol., 127, 400 (1986).
10
[10] Hayati, I., Bailey, A.I., Tardos, Th.F., Investigation into the Mechanisms of Electrohydodynamic Spraying of Liquids, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 117(1), 205 (1987).
11
[11] Cloupeau, M. and Prunet-Foch, B., Electro-Hydrodynamic Spraying Functioning Modes: A Critical Review, J. Aerosol Sci., 21, 1021 (1994).
12
[12] MacKenzie, AP., The Physicochemical Basis for Freeze-Drying Process, DEV. Biol. Stand., 36, 51 (1976).
13
[13] Galtin, L. A. and Nail S. L., Protein Purification Process Engineering Freeze-Drying: A Practical Overview, Bioprocess Technol., 18, 317 (1994).
14
[14] Pikal, M.J., Roy, M.L., Shah, S., Mass and Heat Transfer in Vial Freeze-Drying of Pharmaceuticals: Role of the Vial, J. Pharm. Sci., 73(9), 1224 (1984).
15
[15] Chen, X., Cheng, H., Ma, J., A Study on Stability and Rheological Behaviour of Concentrated TiO2 Dispersions, Powder Technol., 99, 171 (1998).
16
[16] Watanabe, H., Matsuyama, T., Yamamoto, H., Experimental Study on Electrostatic Atomization of Highly Viscous Liquids, Journal of Electrostatics, 57, 183 (2003).
17
[17] Flory, P., Principles of Polymer Chemistry, CornellUniversity Press, Ithaca, NY, (1953).
18
[18] Huggins, M., Thermodynamics of Polymer Solution, Phys. Chem., 8, 123 (1975).
19
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Experimental Study and Simulation of Different EOR Techniques in a Non-Fractured Carbonate Core from an Iranian Offshore Oil Reservoir
In this research the experimental and theoretical studies on different Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) techniques, i.e. Water Flooding (WF), Gas Injection (GI) and Water Alternating Gas process (WAG) were performed on specimens taken from an Iranian carbonate offshore reservoir at the reservoir condition. The experimental results for each specified techniques were compared with the corresponding results obtained from a simulation model. In the case of WF and GI, the injection rates were set to be 0.1, 0.2 and 0.5 cc/min while for the WAG experiments, with two WAG ratios 1 and 2 and with 7, 7, and 10 cycles, the injection rates were 0.1, 0.2 and 0.5 cc/min. The results obtained from the experiments revealed that in all cases the amount of recovered oil is increased. Furthermore, the results showed that increase in the recovery of oil is significant in the case of the WAG injection with optimum rate of injection fluids comparing to those of the WF and GI scenarios. It was also pronounced that the recovery of oil with WAG ratio 2 is more than that with ratio 1. It should be mentioned that samples for sea water and pure methane were considered to be as injection fluids. It was also shown that the experimental results can be accurately correlated with a black oil numerical simulator, Eclipse100.
https://ijcce.ac.ir/article_7001_e28f05f77244237ff77f5ff95f0e341c.pdf
2008-06-01
81
91
10.30492/ijcce.2008.7001
WAG
Water Flooding
Gas injection
Core flooding
Fingering
Mobility ratio
Mahdi
Jafari
mjofeor@yahoo.com
1
Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, I.R. IRAN
AUTHOR
Amir
Badakhshan
2
Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, I.R. IRAN
AUTHOR
Vahid
Taghikhani
taghikhani@sharif.edu
3
Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, I.R. IRAN
LEAD_AUTHOR
Davood
Rashtchian
rashtchian@sharif.edu
4
Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, I.R. IRAN
AUTHOR
Cirous
Ghotbi
5
Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, I.R. IRAN
AUTHOR
Vali Ahmad
Sajjadian
6
Arvandan Company, National Iranian Oil Company, Tehran, I.R. IRAN
AUTHOR
[1] Van Poollen, H.K., “Fundamentals of Enhanced Oil Recovery”, PennWell Books, Tulsa, Oklahoma, (1980).
1
[2] Christensen, J. R., Stenby, E.H., Lyngby, DTU. and Skauge, Review of WAG Field Experience, SPE, Norsk Hydro ASA,Bergen, (1998).
2
[3] Nybraaten, G., Svorstoel, and Andfossen, P. O., WAG Pilot Evaluation for the Snorre Flcld,7th European IOR, Moscow, Russia,(1993).
3
[4] Stenmark, H. and Andfossen, P. O., Snorre WAG Pilot-A Case Study, 8th European IOR, Vienna, Austria, (1996).
4
[5] Slotte, P. A., Stenrnark, H. and Aurd, T., Snorre WAG Pilot, Norwegian Petroleum Directorate, RUTH 1992 (1996).
5
[6] Jensen, J., Nesteby, H. and Slotte. P. A., Brage WAG Pilot, Norwegian Petroleum Directorate, RUTH 1992 (1996).
6
[7] Skauge, A. and Berg, E., Immiscible WAG Injection in the Fensfjord Formation of the Brage Oil Field, paper number 014, from EAGE, 9th European Symposium on Improved Oil Recovery, The Hague, 20-22 Oct. (1997).
7
[8] Skauge, A. and Aarra, M., Effect of Wettability on the Oil Recovery by WAG, Proceedings7th European Symposium on Improved Oil Recovery, Moscow, (1993).
8
[9] Skauge, A. and Larsen, J. A., New Approach to Model the WAG Process, Proceedings, 15th International Energy Agency,Collaborative Project on Enhanced Oil Recovery, Workshop and Symposium, Bergen, Norway, 28-31 August, (1994).
9
[10] Magruder, J. B., Stiles, L.H. and Yelverton, T. D., “A Review for the Means San Andres Unit Full-Scale CO2 Tertiary Project”,SPE 17349, EOR Symposium, Tulsa, (1988).
10
[11] Prieditis, J., Wolle, C. R. and Notz, P. K., A Laboratory and Field Injectivity Study CO2 WAG In the San Andres Formation of West Texas, SPE 22653, 66th ATCE, Dallas, (1991).
11
[12] Roper, M. K., Cheng, C. T., Varnon, J. E., Pope, G.A. and Sepehrnoori, K., Interpretation of a CO2 WAG Injectivity Test in the San Anclres Formation Using a Compositional Simulator,SPE 24163, 8th EOR, Tulsa, (1992).
12
[13] Claridge, E. L., CO2 Flooding Strategy in a Communicating Layered Reservoir,JPT Dec. (1982).
13
[14] Chase Jr., C.A. and Ttid, D., Numerical Simulation of CO2 Flood Performance”,SPE 10514, JPT, Dec. (1984).
14
[15] Stephenson, D.J., Graham, A.G. and Luhning R, W., Mobility Control Experience in the Joffre Viking Miscible CO2 Flood,SPE Reservoir Engineering, Aug. (1993).
15
[16] Walker, J.W. and Turner, J. L., Performance of Seelington Zone 20B-07 Enriched-Gas-Drive Project,SPE 1884, JPT, April, (1968).
16
[17] Robie, Jr., D.R., Roedell, J.W. and Wackowski, R. K., Field Trial of Simultaneous Injection of CO2 and Water, Rangely Weber Sand Unit, Colorado (1998).
17
[18] Ma, T. D., Rugen, J.A. and Stoisits, R. F., Simultaneous Water and Gas Injection Pilot at the Kuparuk River Field, Reservoir Impact, SPE 30726, ATCE, Dallas, (1995).
18
[19] Hong, K.C. and Stevens, C. E., Water-Alternating-Steam Process Improves Project Economics at West Coalinga, SPE Res. Eng., November, Texas (1992).
19
[20] Skauge, A., Simulation Studies of WAG Using Three - Phase Relative Permeability Hysteresis Models, Paper Number 015, Proceeding fromEAGE, 9th European Symposium on Improved Oil Recovery,The Hague, 20-22 Oct. (1997).
20
[21] Helm, L.W., Propane-Gas-Water Miscible Floods In Watered-Out Areas of the Adena Field,SPE 3774, JPT Oct., (1972).
21
[22] Watts, R. J., Conner, W. D., Wasson, J.A. and Yost, A.B., CO2 Injection for Tertiary Oil Recovery, Granny’s Creek Field, Clay County, West Virginia, SPE 10693, 3rd EOR, Tulsa, (1982).
22
[23] Dyes, A, B., Bensimina, A., Saadi, A.M. and Khelil, C., Alternate Injection of HPG and Water, Two Well Pilot, SPE 4082, 47th Annual Fall Meeting,San Antonio, Texas, (1972).
23
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Investigation of Auto Ignition Condition under Different Parameters
In this work, the potential of auto-ignition of heavy oil during in-situ combustion (ISC) process was studied. Kinetic studies were carried out using Thermo Gravimetric Analyzer (TGA), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Accelerating Rate Calorimetric (ARC) techniques. Effects of oxygen partial pressure, reservoir pressure and clay on auto ignition condition were investigated on a number of different heavy oil samples from south west Iran mixed with silica sand or crushed carbonate rock and clay. Based on the experimental results obtained by TGA runs, the kinetic equation was derived for different oil samples in the presence of different sands. Effect of partial pressure of oxygen in the injected air was studied. Results showed that at atmospheric pressure, the peak of low temperature combustion (LTC) by producing CO was initiated at 300 °C when air was injected. Also, enriching the injected air by oxygen lowers the LTC by up to 50 °C. When the experiments were extended to reservoir pressure of 1300 psi, it was found that activation energy in the LTC region was lowered. As a result, initiation of LTC was started at 115 °C when air was injected. The DSC experiments, under non-isothermal condition showed that increasing the oxygen partial pressure resulted in more heat being evolved during the high temperature combustion reactions. Also, the effect of clay as a catalyst was studied and it was found that the activation energy decreases considerably when clay is present in the system. The decrease in activation energy was from 359 to149 kj/gmole for one sample.
https://ijcce.ac.ir/article_7002_ce17a1fd1a4af27c2a679222a615d6cf.pdf
2008-06-01
93
101
10.30492/ijcce.2008.7002
In situ combustion
kinetic
Heavy oil
Auto-ignition
Samaneh
Razzaghi
1
Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, I.R. IRAN
AUTHOR
Riyaz
Kharrat
kharrat@put.ac.ir
2
Petroleum University of Technology, Petroleum Research Center, Tehran, I.R. IRAN
LEAD_AUTHOR
Davood
Rashtchian
rashtchian@sharif.edu
3
Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, I.R. IRAN
AUTHOR
Shapour
Vossoughi
4
Lawrence, KS 66045-7609, Kansas University, USA
AUTHOR
Soheil
Saraji
5
Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, I.R. IRAN
AUTHOR
[1] Razzaghi, S., Kharrat, R., Price, D., Vossoughi, S., Rashtchian, D., Feasibility Study of Autoignition in Heavy Oil Reservoirs, Paper SPE No: 97887, Presented at SPE International Thermal Operations and Heavy Oil Symposium, Calgary, Canada, 1-3 Nov. (2005).
1
[2] Schoppel, Roger J., and Ersoy, Jr., Prediction of Spontaneous Ignition in In-Situ Combustion, Paper SPE 2383, Presented at the SPE Oklahama Regional Meeting, Stllwater, Oklahama 25 October, (1968).
2
[3] Tadema, H. J., Mechanism of Oil Production by Underground Combustion, Proc. Fifth World Pet. Cong., Paper 22, (1959).
3
[4] Burger, Jacques G., Spontaneous Ignition in Oil Reservoirs, Paper SPE 5455, SPE J., p. 73 (1976).
4
[5] Fassihi, M. R., Brigham, W. E., and Ramey, H. J., Reaction Kinetics of In-Situ Combustion Part l-Observation, SPE J., Aug., p. 399 (1984).
5
[6] Hughes, R., Kamath, V. M. and Price, D., Kinetics of Insitu Combustion for Oil-Recovery, Chemical Engineering Research & Design, 65(1), 23 (1987).
6
[7] Vossoughi, S., El-Shoubary, Y., Kinetics of Crude Oil Coke Combustion, SPE J., May, p. 201 (1989).
7
[8] Kok, M. V., Keskin, C., Comparative Combustion Kinetics for In-Situ Combustion Process, Thermo-chimica Acta Journal, 4 Dec. (2000).
8
[9] Burger, Jacques G., Chemical Aspects of In-Situ Combustion-Heat of Combustion and Kinetics,
9
SPE J., Oct., p. 410 (1972).
10
[10] Lukyaa, A. B. A., Hughies, R., Millington, A., Price, D., Evaluation of a North Sea Oil For Recovery
11
by In Situ Combustion Using High Pressure Differential Scanning Calorimetry, Trans IChemE., 72, Part A, (1994).
12
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Catalytic Pyrolysis of Waste Tyre Rubber into Hydrocarbons Via Base Catalysts
The waste tyres represent a source of energy and valuable hydrocarbon products. Waste tyres were pyrolysed catalytically in a batch reactor under atmospheric pressure. The effects of basic catalysts (MgO and CaCO3) were studied on the pyrolysis products. The distribution ratio of gas, liquid and char with MgO and CaCO3 were 24.4:39.8:35.8 wt % and 32.5:32.2:35.2 wt % respectively at 350°C for 2hr catalytic pyrolysis. The physical and chemical properties of the pyrolzed products obtained were characterized. Both catalysts produced 25 % wt of aliphatic hydrocarbons but with the use of magnesiumoxide the aromatic hydrocarbonsincreased (55 %) and polar hydrocarbons decreased (20 %) as compared to calcium carbonate catalyst (50 % aromatic and 25 % polar hydrocarbons). As far as the distillation data and fuel tests are concerned, the oil fractions with both catalysts fulfill the present specifications of diesel fuel commercial products.
https://ijcce.ac.ir/article_7003_c420219972debb73bb7af26cdd521d25.pdf
2008-06-01
103
109
10.30492/ijcce.2008.7003
Tyre
Catalytic pyrolysis
Magnesium oxide
Calcium Carbonate
Jasmin
Shah
jasminshah2001@yahoo.com
1
Institute of Chemical Sciences, University of Peshwar, N.W.F.P., PAKISTAN
LEAD_AUTHOR
M.
Rasul Jan
2
Institute of Chemical Sciences, University of Peshwar, N.W.F.P., PAKISTAN
AUTHOR
Fazal
Mabood
3
Institute of Chemical Sciences, University of Peshwar, N.W.F.P., PAKISTAN
AUTHOR
[1] William, P.T., Brindle, A.J., J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis, 67, 143 (2003).
1
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[12] Roy, C., Chaala, A., Resour. Conserv. Recyc, 32, 1 (2001).
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20
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Ion Exchange Behavior of Zeolites A and P Synthesized Using Natural Clinoptilolite
The main goal of this study is to investigate the capability of zeolites A and P synthesized from Iranian natural clinoptilolite for uranium uptak. The removal of uranium(VI) from aqueous solution via ion exchange by zeolites in a single component system with various contact times, temperatures and initial concentrations of uranium(VI) was investigated. The experimental results were fitted to the Langmuir and Dubinin-Radushkevich isotherms to obtain the characteristic parameters of each model. Both the Langmuir and Dubinin-Radushkevich isotherms were found to good represent the measured adsorption data. Using the thermodynamic equilibrium constants obtained at two different temperatures, various thermodynamic parameters, such as ΔG˚, ΔH˚, and ΔS˚ have been calculated. The thermodynamics of uranium(VI) ion and zeolite system indicates the spontaneous and endothermic nature of the process. It was noted that an increase in temperature resulted in a higher uranium loading per unit weight of the adsorbent.
https://ijcce.ac.ir/article_7004_fea0715ce4a577f709a39acca373fd2c.pdf
2008-06-01
111
117
10.30492/ijcce.2008.7004
Ion exchange
Zeolite A
Zeolite P
Uranyl
Hossein
Ghasemi Mobtaker
hghasemi@aeoi.org.ir
1
Nuclear Science Research School, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute (NSTRI), P.O.B. 11365-3486, Tehran, I.R. IRAN
LEAD_AUTHOR
Hossein
Kazemian
hossein.kazemian@unbc.ca
2
Nuclear Science Research School, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute (NSTRI), P.O.B. 11365-3486, Tehran, I.R. IRAN
AUTHOR
Mohammad Ali
Namdar
3
Nuclear Science Research School, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute (NSTRI), P.O.B. 11365-3486, Tehran, I.R. IRAN
AUTHOR
Ali
Malekinejad
4
Nuclear Science Research School, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute (NSTRI), P.O.B. 11365-3486, Tehran, I.R. IRAN
AUTHOR
Mohammad Reza
Pakzad
5
Nuclear Science Research School, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute (NSTRI), P.O.B. 11365-3486, Tehran, I.R. IRAN
AUTHOR
[1] http://www.uic.com.au/waste.htm
1
[2] Lynne E. Macaskie and Alastair C. R. Dean, Use of Immobilized Biofilm of Citrobacter sp. for the Removal of Uranium and Lead from Aqueous Flows, Enzyme and Microbial Technology, 9(1), p. 2 (1987).
2
[3] Runping Han, Weihua Zou, Yi Wang, Lu Zhu, Removal of Uranium(VI) from Aqueous Solutions by Manganese Oxide Coated Zeolite, Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, 93, p. 127 (2007).
3
[4] Krestou, A., Xenidis, A., Panias, D., Mechanism of Aqueous Uranium (VI) Uptake by Natural Zeolitic Tuff, Minerals Engineering, 16, p. 1363(2003).
4
[5] Olguına, M.T., Solache-Rıos a, M., Acosta b, D., Bosch c, P., Bulbulian, S., Uranium Sorption in Zeolite X: the Valence Effect, Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, 28, p. 377(1999).
5
[6] Kilincarslan Kaygun, A., Akyil, S., Study of the Behaviour of Thorium Adsorption on PAN / Zeolite Composite Adsorbent, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 147, p. 357 (2007).
6
[7] Ciavatta, L., The Specific Intraction Theory in Evaluating Ionic Equilibria, Ann. Chim. (Rome), 70, p. 551(1980).
7
[8] Caputo, D., Dattilo, R. and Pansini, M., Computation of Thermodynamic Quantities of Ion Exchanger Reactionsinvolving Zeolites, Proc. III Convergo Nazionale di Scienza e Technologia delle Zeoliti, Cetraro, Italy, 143 (1995).
8
[9] Miura, H., Tachibana, F., Akiba, K., Ion Exchange Selectivity for Cesium in Ferrierites, J. Nucl. Sci. Technol., 2(29), p. 184 (1992).
9
[10] Aksoyoglu, S., Sorption of U(IV) on Granite, J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem., 134 (2), p. 393(1989).
10
[11] Ghasemi Mobtaker, H., Investigation of Cerium and Thorium Ion Exchange on Zeolite P Synthesized from Iranian Natural Clinoptilolite and Relevant Thermodynamic Parameters, MSc thesis, Dep. of Chem. Eng., Polytechnic University, Tehran, Iran (2001).
11
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Development and Application of Aqueous Two-Phase Partition for the Recovery and Separation of Recombinant Phenylalanine Dehydrogenase
Aqueous two-phase systems (ATPS) have emerged as a powerful extraction method for the downstream processing of bio-molecules. The aim of this work was to investigate the possibility of utilizing ATPS for the separation of recombinant Bacillus sphaericus phenylalanine dehydrogenase (PheDH). Polyethylene glycol (PEG) and ammonium sulfate systems were selected for our experiment. The effect of different elements such as; type and concentration of PEG, concentration of (NH4)2SO4, pH, phase volume ratio (VR) and tie-line length (TLL) on the extraction behavior and selective separation was also studied. Desirable conditions for differential partitioning was obtained in 8.5 % (w/w) PEG-6000, 17.5 % (w/w) (NH4)2SO4 andVR 0.25at pH 8.0. PheDH was mainly concentrated into the upper PEG-rich phase in all tested systems. The partition coefficient (K), recovery (R %), yield (Y %), TLL and selectivity were found to be 58.7, 135 %, 94.42 %, 39.89 % (w/w) and 2174, respectively. From the experimental results, it was revealed that the PEG molecular weight, (NH4)2SO4 concentration, TLL and pH of system had strong impacts on partition features. The extraction efficiency was increased with elevation of pH and TLL values. In this paper, we described the partitioning behavior in PEG/(NH4)2SO4 ATPS in order to evaluate the applicability of ATPS for partitioning and recovery of PheDH.
https://ijcce.ac.ir/article_7005_6f348a520a6b0bf881307eddbd935825.pdf
2008-06-01
119
127
10.30492/ijcce.2008.7005
Aqueous two-phase systems (ATPS)
ammonium sulfate
Phenylalanine dehydrogenase (PheDH)
Polyethylene glycol (PEG)
Separation
Hamid
Shahbaz Mohammadi
1
Young Research Club, Department of Biochemistry, Science & Research Campus, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, I.R. IRAN
AUTHOR
Eskander
Omidinia
skandar@pasteur.ac.ir
2
Department of Biochemistry, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, I.R. IRAN
LEAD_AUTHOR
[1] Albertsson, P. A., "Partition of Cell Particles and Macromolecules", 3rd Ed., New York, John Wiley & Sons, (1986).
1
[2] Ratio-Palomares, M., Practical Application of Aqueous Two-Phase Partition to Process Develop-ment for the Recovery of Biological Products, J. Chromatogr. B, 807,3 (2004).
2
[3] Hatti-Kaul, R., "Methods in Biotechnology: Aqueous Two-Phase Systems: Methods and Protocols", Humana Press Inc., Totowa, NJ, (1999).
3
[4] Bensch, M., Selbach, B. and Hubbuch, J., High Throughput Screening Techniques in Downstream Processing: Preparation, Characterization and Opti-mization of Aqueous Two-Phase Systems, Chem. Eng. Sci., 62, 2011 (2007).
4
[5] Rahimpour, F., Mamoa, G., Feyzi, F., Maghsoudi, S. and Hatti-Kaul, R., Optimizing Refolding and Recovery of Active Recombinant Bacillus Halodurans Xylanase in Polymer-Salt Aqueous Two-Phase System Using Surface Response Analysis, J. Chromatogr. A, 1141, 32 (2007).
5
[6] Huddleston, J., Veide, A., Kohler, K., Flanagan, J., Enfors, S. and Lyddiatt, A., The Molecular Basis of Partitioning in Aqueous Two-Phase Systems, Trends Biotechnol., 9, 381 (1991).
6
[7] Tub´ıo, G., Nerli, B. and Pic´o, G., Partitioning Features of Bovine Trypsin and Chymotrypsin in Polyethyleneglycol-Sodium Citrate Aqueous Tow-Phase Systems, J. Chromatogr. B, 852, 244 (2007).
7
[8] Shibusawa, Y., Takeuchi, N., Tsutsumi, K., Nakanoa, S., Yanagida A., Shindo, H. and Ito, Y., One-Step Purification of Histone Deacetylase from Escherichia Coli Cell-Lysate by Counter-Current Chromato-graphy Using Aqueous Two-Phase System, J. Chromatogr. A, 1151, 1583 (2007).
8
[9] Asano, Y., "Phenylalanine Dehydrogenase In: Ency-clopedia of Bioprocess Technology: Fermen-tation, Biotechnology and Bioseparation, (Flinckinger, M. C. and Drew, S. W., Eds.), Vol. 2, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, USA, pp. 1955-63 (1999).
9
[10] Weiss, D. J., Dorris, M., Loh, M. and Peterson, L., Dehydrogenase Based Reagentless Biosensor for Monitoring Phenylketonuria, Biosens. Bioelectron, 22, 2436 (2006).
10
[11] Tachibana, S., Suzuki, M. and Asano, Y., Application of an Enzyme Chip to the Microquantification of L-phenylalanine, Anal. Biochem., 359,72 (2006).
11
[12] Busca, P., Paradisi, F., Moynihan, E., Maguire, A. R. and Engel, P. C., Enantioselective Synthesis of Non-Natural Amino Acids Using Phenylalanine Dehydrogenases Modified by Site-Directed Mutagenesis, Org. Biomol. Chem., 2, 2684 (2004).
12
[13] Mihara, H., Muramatsu, H., Kakutani, R., Yasuda, M., Ueda, M., Kurihara, T. and Esaki, N., N-Methyl-L-amino Acid Dehydrogenase from Pseudomonas putide: A Novel Member of an Unusual NAD(P)+-Dependent Oxidoreductase Superfamily, Eur. J. Biochem., 272, 1117 (2005).
13
[14] Omidinia, E., Taherkhani, H., Asano, Y., Khatami, S., Omumi, A., Ghadiri, A., Van der Lelie, D., Rashid Pouraie, R., Mirzahoseini, H. and Samadi, A., Affinty Purification and Characterization of Recombinatant Bacillus sphaericus Phenylalanine Dehydrognase Produced by PET Expression Vector System, Iran Biomed. J., 6, 31 (2002).
14
[15] Bradford, M. M., A Rapid and Sensitive for the Quantitation of Microgram Quantities of Protein Utilizing the Principle of Protein-Dye Binding, Anal. Biochem., 72,248. (1976).
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[16] Albertsson, P. A., Cajarville, A., Brooks, D. E. and Tjerneld, F., Partition of Proteins in Aqueous Polymer Two-Phase Systems and the Effect of Molecular Weight of the Polymer, Biochem. Biophys. Acta., 926, 87 (1987).
16
[17] Forciniti, D., Hall, C. K. and Kula, M. R., Influence of Polymer Molecular Weight and Temperature on Phase Composition in Aqueous Two-Phase Systems, Fluid Phase Equil., 61, 243 (1991).
17
[18] Forciniti, D., Hall, C. K. and Kula, M. R., Protein Partitioning at the Isoelectric Point: Influence of Polymer Molecular Weight and Concentration and Protein Size, Biotechnol. Bioeng, 38, 986 (1991).
18
[19] Bim, M. A., and Franco, T. T., Extraction in Aqueous Two-Phase Systems of Alkaline Xylanase Produced by Bacillus pumillus and its Application in Kraff Pulp Bleaching, J. Chromatogr. B, 743, 394 (2000).
19
[20] Guo-qing, H., Xiu-yan, Z., Xing-jun, T., Qi-he, C. and Hui, R., Partitioning and Purification of Extracellular β-1, 3-1, 4-Glucanase in Aqueous Two-Phase Systems, J. Zhejiang Univ. Sci., 6B, 825 (2005).
20
[21] Su, C. K. and Chiang , B. H., Partitioning and Purification of Lysozyme from Chicken Egg White Using Aqueous Two-Phase System, Process Biochem., 41, 257 (2006).
21
[22] Bradoo, S., Saxena, R. K. and Gupta, R., Partitioning and Resolution of Mixture of Two Lipase from Bacillus stearothermophilus SB-1 in a Aqueous Two-Phase System, Process Biochem., 35, 57 (1999).
22
[23] Wongmongkol, N. and Prichanont, S., Partition of Alkaline Protease in Aqueous Two-Phase Systems of Polyethylene Glycol 1000 and Potassium Phosphate, Korean J. Chem. Eng., 23, 71 (2006).
23
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Microwave Assisted Rapid, Efficient and Chemoselective Deoxygenation of Sulfoxides to Thioethers Using Zn / AcOH on Silica Gel
Zn/AcOH on silica gel converts a range of structurally different sulfoxides to their corresponding thioethers in excellent yields under microwave irradiation. It has been found that chemoselective deoxygenation of sufoxides can be achieved in the presence of other reducible functional groups such as acetals, acids, amides, esters, ketones and nitriles.
https://ijcce.ac.ir/article_7006_987bed452b8006249f372d6905c8cadd.pdf
2008-06-01
129
134
10.30492/ijcce.2008.7006
Deoxygenation
Sulfoxide
Thioether
Silica gel
Microwave (MW)
Abbas
Shockravi
abbas_shockravi@yahoo.co.uk
1
Faculty of Chemistry, Tarbiat Moallem University, Tehran, I.R. IRAN
LEAD_AUTHOR
Esmael
Rostami
2
Faculty of Chemistry, Tarbiat Moallem University, Tehran, I.R. IRAN
AUTHOR
Davood
Heidaryan
3
Faculty of Chemistry, Tarbiat Moallem University, Tehran, I.R. IRAN
AUTHOR
Hanif
Fattahi
4
Faculty of Chemistry, Tarbiat Moallem University, Tehran, I.R. IRAN
AUTHOR
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[4] For Reviews on Sulfoxides See: Madesclaire, M., Tetrahedron, 44, 6537 (1988).
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[5] Drabowicz, J., Numata, T. and Oae, S., Org. Prep. Proced. Int., 9, 63 (1997).
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[6] Kaczorowska, K., Kolarska, Z., Mitka, K. and Kowalski, P., Tetrahedron, 61, 8315 (2005).
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39
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Experimental Investigation of Phase Inversion of Liquid-Liquid Systems in a Spray Extraction Column
An experimental study of the phase inversion behavior of liquid-liquid dispersion has been conducted in a spray extraction column for systems of toluene / water, n-hexane/water, CCl4/water, toluene /water + glycerol (25 % wt), toluene + CCl4 (25 % wt) / water and toluene / acetic acid (5 % wt)/water. The effects of physical properties, mass transfer and column geometry on phase inversion have been investigated. The results show that the dispersed phase hold up sufficient for phase inversion increases in o/w dispersion and decreases in w/o dispersion by increasing interfacial tension. Also, it was found that by increasing the viscosity of aqueous phase, dispersed phase hold up decreases at phase inversion point in both o/w and w/o dispersions. The tendency to phase inversion increases in o/w dispersion with an increase in density difference of two phases. It was observed that dispersed phase hold up at phase inversion point decreases in the presence of mass transfer, when the direction of mass transfer is from dispersed phase to continuous phase. The results show that dispersed phase holdup increases with drop size at phase inversion point and column diameter has an important effect on phase inversion because of wall effect.
https://ijcce.ac.ir/article_7007_e46b08364b45e8cfb6f9aadf30d315f5.pdf
2008-06-01
135
140
10.30492/ijcce.2008.7007
Phase inversion
Hold up
Liquid-liquid dispersion
Ambivalence region
Mass transfer
Meisam
Torab Mostaedi
1
Nuclear Science Research School, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Tehran, I.R. IRAN
AUTHOR
Parissa
Khadiv Parsi
kparsi@ut.ac.ir
2
School of Chemical Engineering, University College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, I.R. IRAN
LEAD_AUTHOR
Mohammad Ali
Moosavian
3
School of Chemical Engineering, University College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, I.R. IRAN
AUTHOR
[1] Yeo, L.Y., Matar, O. K., Perez de Ortiz, E. S., Hewitt, G. F., Multiple Phase Sci. and Tech., 12, p. 51 (2000).
1
[2] Liu, L., Matar O. K., Perez de Ortiz, E. S. and Geoffrey, F., Chem. Eng. Sci., 60, p. 85 (2005).
2
[3] Tsouris, C. and Dong, J., Chem. Eng. Sci., 55, p. 3571, (2000).
3
[4] Arashmid, M. and Jeffreys, G.V., AIChE J., 26, p. 51, (1980).
4
[5] Tidhar, M., Merchuk, J. C., Sembira, A. N. and Wolf, D., Chem. Eng. Sci., 41, p. 457 (1986).
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[7] Yeo, L.Y., Matar, O. K., Perez de Ortiz, E. S. and Hewitt, G. F., Chem. Eng. Sci., 57, p. 1069 (2002).
7
[8] Selker, A. H. and Sleicher, C. A., Can. J. Chem. Eng., 43, p. 298, (1965).
8
[9] Luhning, R.W. and Sawistowski, H., ISEC’71, p. 873 (1971).
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[10] Efthimiadu, I., Kocianova, E. and Moore, I. P. T., Proceeding of the 1994 IChemE Research Event, Vol. 2, pp. 1020-1022 (1994).
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