ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
On-Line Nonlinear Dynamic Data Reconciliation Using Extended Kalman Filtering: Application to a Distillation Column and a CSTR
Extended Kalman Filtering (EKF) is a nonlinear dynamic data reconciliation (NDDR) method. One of its main advantages is its suitability for on-line applications. This paper presents an on-line NDDR method using EKF. It is implemented for two case studies, temperature measurements of a distillation column and concentration measurements of a CSTR. In each time step, random numbers with zero mean and specified variance were added to simulated results by a random number generator. The generated data are transferred on-line to a developed data reconciliation software. The software performs NDDR on received data using EKF method. Comparison of data reconciliation results with simulated measurements and true values demonstrates a high reduction in measurement errors, while benefits high speed data reconciliation process.
https://ijcce.ac.ir/article_6841_09e918c087540f60b39086839eb026a4.pdf
2009-09-01
1
14
10.30492/ijcce.2009.6841
Data reconciliation
Nonlinear dynamic data reconciliation
Extended kalman filtering
Distillation column
CSTR
Object-oriented programming
Ali
Farzi
1
Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, I.R. IRAN
AUTHOR
Arjomand
Mehrabani-Zeinabad
arjomand@cc.iut.ac.ir
2
Department of Chemical Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, 84156-83111 Isfahan, I.R. IRAN
LEAD_AUTHOR
Ramin
Bozorgmehry Boozarjomehry
brbozorg@sharif.edu
3
Department of Chemical Engineering and Petroleum, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, I.R. IRAN
AUTHOR
[1] Almasy, G. A., Principles of Dynamic Balancing, AIChE Journal, 36, p. 1321 (1991).
1
[2] Liebman, M. J., Edgar, T. F. and Lasdon, L. S., Efficient Data Reconciliation and Estimation for Dynamic Processes using Nonlinear Programming Techniques, Computers Chem. Engng., 16 (10/11), p. 963 (1992).
2
[3] Bai, S., Thibault, J. and McLean, D.D., Dynamic Data Reconciliation: Alternative to Kalman Filter, Journal of Process Control, 16 (9), p. 938 (2006).
3
[4] Abu-el-zeet, Z. H., Becerra, V.M., Roberts, P.D., Combined Bias and Outlier Identification in Dynamic Data Reconciliation, Computers Chem. Engng., 26, p. 921 (2002).
4
[5] Barbosa Jr, V. P., Wolf, M. R. M., Maciel Fo, R., Development of Data Reconciliation for Dynamic Nonlinear System: Application to the Polymerization Reactor, Computers Chem. Engng., 24, p. 501 (2000).
5
[6] McBrayer, K. F., Soderstorm, T. A., Edgar, T. F. and Young, R. E., The Application of Nonlinear Dynamic Data Reconciliation to Plant Data, Computers Chem. Engng., 22 (12), p. 1907 (1998).
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[7] Meert, K., A Real-Time Recurrent Learning Network Structure for Data Reconciliation, Artificial Intelligence in Engineering, 12, p. 213 (1998).
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[8] Chen, J., Romagnoli, J. A., A Strategy for Simul-taneous Dynamic Data Reconciliation and Outlier Detection, Computers Chem. Engng., 22 (4/5), p. 559 (1998).
8
[9] Karjala, T. W., Himmelblau, D. M., Dynamic Rectification of Data via Recurrent Neural Network and the Extended Kalman Filter, AIChE Journal, 42, p. 2225 (1996).
9
[10] Islam, K. A., Weiss, G. H. and Romagnoli, J. A., Nonlinear Data Reconciliation for an Industrial Pyrolysis Reactor, 4th European Symposium on Computer Aided Process Engineering, p. 218 (1994).
10
[11] Chiari, M., Bussani, G., Grottoli, M. G. and Pierucci, S., On-Line Data Reconciliation and Optimization: Refinery Applications, 7th European Symposium on Computer Aided Process Engineering, p. 1185 (1997).
11
[12] Grewal, M. S. and Andrews, A. P., “Kalman Filtering: Theory and Practice Using MATLAB”, Second Edition, John Wiley and Sons Inc., (2001).
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[13] Narasimhan, S. and Jordache, C., “Data Recon-ciliation and Gross Error Detection: An Intelligent Use of Process Data”, Gulf Professional Publishing, Houston, Texas, Nov. (1999).
13
[14] Mehrabni, A. Z., “Non-linear Parameter Estimation of Distillation Column”, M.Sc. Thesis, University of Wales, Department of Chemical Engineering, Nov. (1986).
14
[15] Farzi, A., Mehrabani, A.Z. and Bozorgmehry, R. B., Data Reconciliation: Development of an Object-Oriented Software Tool, Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering, 25 (5), p. 955 (2008).
15
[16] Jang, S. S., Joseph, B. and Mukai, H., Comparison of Two Approaches to On-Line Parameter and State Estimation of Nonlinear Systems, Ind. Engng. Chem. Process. Des. Dev., 25, p. 809 (1986).
16
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Sensitivity Analysis of Cumulative Oil Production and Production Rate on Block Heights and Capillary Continuity for an Iranian Carbonated Fractured Reservoir
Block heights and capillary continuity between matrix blocks play paramount role in the sensitivity analysis and therefore the history matching of cumulative oil production and production rate of carbonated fractured reservoirs. In this study, the influence of these parameters upon cumulative production and recovery factor of an Iranian fractured reservoir were studied by the usage of a simulator. Results show that, changing the block heights greatly affect on the cumulative production as well as the recovery factor. Also sensitivity analysis reveals that, the variations in cumulative production and recovery factor happen in a limited range of block heights. The aforementioned ranges of block heights for the studied reservoir were twice the height and one tenth of the height of the block height used in the history matching during the reservoir simulation. For block heights shorter than the original one, the influence of capillary continuity is paramount by increasing the cumulative production as well as the recovery factor. However, as the block height increased and reached twice the height of the original height, the influence of capillary continuity decreased and the system behaved similar to the situation where the block height was doubled without taking capillary continuity into consideration.
https://ijcce.ac.ir/article_6843_5328ae0f7068b3493bbd7a242176ef9f.pdf
2009-09-01
15
23
10.30492/ijcce.2009.6843
Sensitivity analysis
Block height
Capillary continuity
Carbonated fractured reservoir
Zahra
Riazi
zahra_riazy2000@yahoo.com
1
Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology Tehran, I.R. IRAN
LEAD_AUTHOR
Fariborz
Rashidi
rashidi@aut.ac.ir
2
Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology Tehran, I.R. IRAN
AUTHOR
[1] Mehdi Jafari et al., Gravity Drainage Mechanism and Estimation of Oil Recovery in Iranian Carbonate Cores' Petroleum & Coal, (2008).
1
[2] Barenblatt, G.E, Zheltov, I.P. and Kochina, I.N., Basic Concepts in the Theory of Seepage of Homogeneous Liquids in Fissured Rocks, J. Appl. Math. and Mech., p. 1286 (1960).
2
[3] Saidi, A., Simulation of Naturally Fractured Reservoir, Paper SPE12270 Presented at the SPE Symposium on Reservoir Simulation, San Francisco, November 16-18 (1983).
3
[4] Ferno, M.A., Ersland, G., Haugen, A., Stevens, J. and Howard, J.J., "Visualizing Fluid Flow with Mariin Oil-Wet Fractured Carbonate Rock" SCA2007-12 (2007).
4
[5] Eirik Aspenes, "Wettability Effects on Oil Recovery Mechanismsin Fractured Chalk", Bergen, November, (2006).
5
[6] Saidi, A., Tehrani, D.H. and Wit, K., 1980. “Mathematical Simulation of Fracture Reservoir Performance, Based on Physical Model Experiments”, Developments in Reservoir Engineering, paper PD 10 (3)-Proceedings 10th World Petroleum Congress (1979).
6
[7] Horie, T., Firoozabadi, A., Ishimoti,. K., Laboratory Studies of Capillary Interaction in Fracture Reservoir Systems, SPE-18282, SPE Reservoir Engineering, 5 (3), p. 353 (1990).
7
[8] Stones, E.J., Mardsen, S.S. and Zimmerman, S.A. “Gravity-Induced Drainage from Fractured Porous Media”, SPE 24042, Presented at the Western Regional Meeting, Bakersfield, CA, March 30-April 1, (1992).
8
[9] Festoy, S. and Van Golf-Racht, T.D., Gas Gravity Drainage in Fracture Reservoir through New Dual Continuum Approach”, SPE Reservoir Engineering, Aug., p. 271-278 (1989).
9
[10] Sajadian, V.A., NIOC Research Institute of Petrleum Industry, Danesh, A., Tehrani, D.H., Heriote-Wett University, Laboratory Studies of Gravity Drainage Mechanism in Fractured Carbonate Reservoir-Capillary Continuity”, SPE 494970,(1998).
10
[11] Sajadian, V.A., NIOC Research Institute of Petrleum Industry, Danesh, A., Tehrani, D.H., Heriote-Wett University, “Laboratory Studies of Gravity Drainage Mechanism in Fractured Carbonate Reservoir-Reinfilteration”, SPE 54003 (1999).
11
[12] Mahendra Prarap, SPE, ONGC Ltd, India, Jon Kleppe, SPE, NTNU, Norway and Knut Uleberg, NTNU, Norway, “Vertical Capillary Continuity Between the Matrix Blocks in a Fracture Reservoir Significantly Improves the Oil Recovery by Water Displacement”, SPE 37725 (1997).
12
[13] PARSI FIELD Full Field Study and Master Development Plane Phase 2, Conteract NO. MED-79144-MEOL-Extention, Parsi Field Geology Report, August 2005, Kanaz Moshaver.
13
[14] Kazemi, H, Merrill, L.S., Jr., Porterfield, K.L. and Zeman, P.R., Numerical Simulation of Water-Oil Flow in Naturally Fracture Reservoir, Soc. Pet. Eng. J., 16, p. 317 (1976).
14
[15] Parsi Full Field Model, Reservoir Fluid Characteristics and Core Analysis, Reservoir Engineering, Sub Volume 2.6. (2005).
15
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Mathematical Modeling of Single and Multi-Component Adsorption Fixed Beds to Rigorously Predict the Mass Transfer Zone and Breakthrough Curves
The aim of the present work is to prepare an adsorption package to simulate adsorption / desorption operation for both single and multi-component systems in an isothermal condition by different mechanisms such as; local adsorption theory and mass transfer resistance (rigorous and approximated methods). Different mass transfer resistance mechanisms of pore, solid and bidispersed diffusion, together with nonlinear isotherms (Longmuir, Frendlich, Sips and Toth) are taken into account in modeling the fixed bed adsorbers. The Extended Longmuir isotherm was found to explain properly the binary and ternary mixtures in adsorption/desorption process.Almost all the mass transfer approximations were explained by the linear driving force, LDF, although the alternative driving force, ADF, approximation was examined in some cases. The numerical solution was the Implicit Method of Lines which converted the partial differential equations to the ODEs then solving them by the Runge-Kutta method. Validation of the models was performed by the experimental data derived from the literature for different types of adsorbents and adsorbates. The sensitivity analyses was carried out to find out variation of the breakthrough curves against some physical and operational parameters such as; temperature, flow rate, initial and inlet concentration and particle adsorbent size. The results revealed excellent agreement of simulated and previously published experimental data.
https://ijcce.ac.ir/article_6844_ef1c7634fc764aaa7b1a4467cd8fc261.pdf
2009-09-01
25
44
10.30492/ijcce.2009.6844
Multicomponent adsorption
Simulation
Mathematical modeling
Breakthrough curves
Mohsen
Siahpoosh
1
School of Chemical Engineering, University College of Engineering, University of Tehran, P.O.Box 11365-4563, Tehran, I.R. IRAN
AUTHOR
Shohreh
Fatemi
shfatemi@ut.ac.ir
2
School of Chemical Engineering, University College of Engineering, University of Tehran, P.O.Box 11365-4563, Tehran, I.R. IRAN
LEAD_AUTHOR
Ali
Vatani
avatani@ut.ac.ir
3
School of Chemical Engineering, University College of Engineering, University of Tehran, P.O.Box 11365-4563, Tehran, I.R. IRAN
AUTHOR
[1] Seader, J.D., Henley, E.J., “Separation Process Principles”, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Chap. 15 (2002).
1
[2] Yoon, Y.H., Nelson, J.H., Application of Gas Adsorption Kinetics: I. A Theoretical Model for Respirator Cartridge Service life, Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J., 45 (8), 509 (1984).
2
[3] Yang, R.T., “Gas Separation by Adsorption Processes”, Butterworth’s, Boston (1987).
3
[4] Glueckauf, E., Coates, J.E., J. Chem. Soc., 1315 (1947), “Chemical Engineers’Handbook”, Perry R.H. and Chilton, C.H.; 7th Ed.,Chap 16, New York, McGraw-Hill, (1999).
4
[5] Liaw, C.H., Wang, J.S.P., Greenkorn, R.H. and Chao, K.C., Kinetics of Fixed-Bed Adsorption: A New Solution, AIChE. J., 54, 376 (1979).
5
[6] Carta, G., Cincotti, A., Film Model Approximation for Non-Linear Adsorption and Diffusion in Spherical Particles, Chem. Eng. Sci., 53, 3483 (1998).
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[7] Zhang, R. and Ritter, J.A., New Approximate Model for Nonlinear Adsorption and Diffusion in a Single Particle, Chem. Eng Sci., 52, 3161 (1977).
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[8] Leinekugel-le-Cocq, D., Tayakout-Fayolle, M., Gorrec, Y., Jallut, C., A Double Linear Driving Force Approximation for Non-Isothermal Mass Transfer Modeling Through Bi-Disperse Adsorbents, Chem. Eng. Sci., 62, 4040 (2007).
8
[9] Yang, R.T., Doong, S.J. Gas Separation by Pressure Swing Adsorption: A Pore-Diffusion Model for Bulk Separation, AIChE. J., 31, 1829 (1985).
9
[10] Serbezov, A., Sotirchos, S.V., Particle-Bed Model for Multicomponent Adsorption-Based Separations: Application to Pressure Swing Adsorption, Chem. Eng. Sci., 54, 5647 (1999).
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[11] Sankararao, B., Gupta, S.K., Modeling and Simulation of Fixed Bed Adsorbers (FBAs) for Multi-Component Gaseous Separations, Computesr & Chemical Eng., 31, 1282 (2007).
11
[12] Chuang, C.L., Chiang. P. C., Chang, E.E., Modeling VOCs Adsorption onto Activated Carbon, Chemosphere, 53, 17 (2003).
12
[13] Vermeulen, T., Quilici, Ind. Eng. Chem. Fundam., 9, 179, (1970), “Chemical Engineer’s Handbook”, (Perry, R.H. and Chilton, C.H., 7th Ed., Chap 16, New York: McGraw-Hill, 1999).
13
[14] Vermeulen, T., Ind. Eng. Chem, 45, 1664, (1953); “Chemical Engineer’s Handbook”, Perry, R.H. and Chilton, C.H., 7th Ed., Chap 16, New York: McGraw-Hill, (1999).
14
[15] Bird, R.B., Stewart, W.E., Lightfoot, E.N., “Transport Phenomena”, 2nd Ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York (2002).
15
[16] Wakao, N., Funazkri, T., Effect of Fluid Dispersion Coefficients on Particle-Fluid Mass Transfer Coefficients in Packed Bed, Chem. Eng. Sci., 33, 1375 (1978).
16
[17] Suzuki, M., Smith, J.M., Axial in Beds of Small Particles, Chem. Eng. J., 3, 256 (1972).
17
[18] Daubert, T. E., Danner, R. P., “Physical and Thermodynamic Properties of Pure Chemicals: Data Compilation”, New York: Design Institute for PhysicalProperty Data, AmericanInstitute of Chemical Engineers/Hemisphere, (1989).
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[19] Poling, B.E., Prausnitz, J.M.,O’Connell, J.P., The Properties of Gases and Liquids, 5th Ed., New York, McGraw-Hill, (2001).
19
[20] Schiesser, W.E., “The Numerical Method of Lines”, Academic Press, California, USA (1991).
20
[21] Kiusalaas, J., “Numerical Methods in Engineering with MATLAB” CambridgeUniversity press (2005).
21
[22] Lucas, S., Calvo, M.P., Palencia, C., Cocer, M.J., Mathematical Model of Supercritical CO2 Adsorption on Activated Carbon, Effect of Operating Conditions and Adsorption Scale-Up, J. of Supercritical Fluids, 32, 193 (2004).
22
[23] Chang, H., Yuan, X., Tian, H., Zeng, A., Experiment and Prediction of Breakthrough Curves for Packed Bed Adsorption of Water Vapor on Cornmeal, Chem. Eng and Pro., 45, 747 (2006).
23
[24] Thibaud-Erkey, C., Guo, Y., Erkey, C., Akgerman, A., Mathematical Modeling of Adsorption and Desorption of Volatile Contaminants from Soill, Environ. Sci., Techno, 30, 2127 (1996).
24
[25] Grande, C.A., Silva, M.T.M., Gigola, C., Rodrigues, A.E., Adsorption of Propane and Propylene onto Carbon Molecular Sieve, CARBON, 41, 2533 (2003).
25
[26] Rivero, M.J., Ibanez, R., Ortiz, I., Mathematical Modeling of Styrene Drying by Adsorption onto Activated Alumina, Chem. Eng. Sci., 57, 2589 (2002).
26
[27] Farooq, S., Ruthven, M., Dynamics of Kinetically Controlled Binary Adsorption in a Fixed Bed, AIChE. Journal., 37, 299 (1991).
27
[28] Haas, O.W., Kapoor, A., Yang, R.T., Confirmation of Heavy Component Roll-Up in Diffusion-Limited Fixed Bed Adsorption, AIChE Journal., 34, 1913 (1988).
28
[29] Siddiqi, K.S., Thomas, W.T., The Adsorption of Methane-Ethane Mixtures on Activated Carbon, Carbon, 20, 473 (1982).
29
[30] Yun, J. H., Choi, D. K., Kim, S. H., Equilibria and Dynamics for Mixed Vapors of BTX in an Activated Carbon Bed, AIChE. J., 45(4), 751 (1999).
30
[31] Gupta, K., Verma, N., Removal of Volatile Organic Compounds by Organic Condens, (2002).
31
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Media Selection for Poly(hydroxybutyrate) Production from Methanol by Methylobacterium Extorquens DSMZ 1340
Plackett-Burman design was used for selection of important media components such as carbon and nitrogen sources and minerals which affect poly(hydroxybutyrate) production and cell growth of Methylobacterium extorquens DSMZ 1340. Among the studied variables, nitrogen and phosphorus sources, MgSO4 and most of the trace elements were found to be significant variables for PHB production from methanol. At best condition (based on PHB concentration), dry cell weight, PHB content and PHB concentration were 3.81 g/L, 21.23 %, and 0.809 g/L, respectively. It was also found that most of the trace elements and phosphorus sources were influential parameters on the growth of microorganism but the kind of nitrogen source was not. The experimental results showed that deficiencies of nitrogen sources (NH4Cl and NH4NO3), phosphorus sources (K2HPO4 and Na2HPO4) and MgSO4 in medium, increased PHB accumulation.
https://ijcce.ac.ir/article_6845_82a939aeb6f5a56d193f64b1d24f64e7.pdf
2009-09-01
45
52
10.30492/ijcce.2009.6845
Methanol
Poly(hydroxybutyrate) (PHB)
Methylobacterium extorquens
Plackett-Burman Design (PBD)
Zahra B.
Mokhtari-Hosseini
1
Biotechnology Group, Faculty of Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O.Box 14115-143, Tehran, I.R. IRAN
AUTHOR
Ebrahim
Vasheghani Farahani
evf@modares.ac.ir
2
Biotechnology Group, Faculty of Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O.Box 14115-143, Tehran, I.R. IRAN
LEAD_AUTHOR
Sayed Abbas
Shojaosadati
shoja_sa@modares.ac.ir
3
Biotechnology Group, Faculty of Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O.Box 14115-143, Tehran, I.R. IRAN
AUTHOR
Ramin
Karimzadeh
4
Biotechnology Group, Faculty of Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O.Box 14115-143, Tehran, I.R. IRAN
AUTHOR
Kianoush
Khosravi Darani
5
National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti Medical University, P. O. Box 19395-4741, Tehran, I.R. IRAN
AUTHOR
[1] Khosravi-Darani, K. and Vasheghani Farahani, E., Microorganisms and Systems for Production of Poly(hydroxybutyrate) as an Biodegradable Polymer, Iran. J. Chem. Chem. Eng., 24, p. 1 (2005).
1
[2] Reddy, C.S.K., Ghai, R., Rashmi, Kalia, V.C., Polyhydroxyalkanoates: An Overview, Bioresource Technol., 87, p. 137 (2003).
2
[3] Suriyamongkol, P., Weselake, R., Narine, S., Moloney, M. and Shah, S., Biotechnological Approaches for the Production of Polyhydroxy-alkanoates in Microorganisms and Plants, A Review, Biotechnol. Adv.,25, R. 148 (2007).
3
[4] Bucci, D.Z., Tavares, L.B.B., Sell, I., PHB Packaging for Storage of Food Products, Polymer Testing,
4
24, p. 564 (2005).
5
[5] Chen, G.O., Wu, Q., The Application of Polyhydroxy-alkanoates as Tissue Engineering Materials, Biomaterials, 26, p. 6556 (2005).
6
[6] Van der Walle, G.A., de Koning, G.J., Weusthuis, R.A., Eggink, G., Properties, Modification, and Application of Biopolyesters, Adv. Biochem. Eng. Biot., 71, p. 263 (2001).
7
[7] Zinn, M., Witholt, B., Egli, T., Occurrence, Synthesis and Medical Application of Bacterial Poly-hydroxyalkanoate, Adv. Drug Deliver. Rev., 53, 5 (2001).
8
[8] Nikel, P.I., Pettinari, M.J., Mendez, B.S. and Galvagno, M.A., Statistical Optimization of a Culture Medium for Biomass and Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) Production by a Recombinant Escherichia coli Strain using Agroindustrial Byproducts, Int.Microbiol., 8, p. 243 (2005).
9
[9] Kim, P., Kim, J.H., Oh, D.K., Improvement in Cell Yield of Methylobacterium sp. Reducing the Inhibition of Medium Components for Poly-b-hydroxybutyrate Production, World J. Microb. Biot., 19, p. 357 (2003).
10
[10] Ishizaki, A., Tanaka, K., Taga, N., Microbial Production of Poly-3-hydroxybutyrate from CO2, Appl. Microbiol. Biot., 57, p. 6 (2001).
11
[11] Nath, A. Dixit, M., Bandiya, A., Chavda, S., Desai, A.J., Enhanced PHB Production and Scale Up Studies Using Cheese Whey in Fed Batch Culture of Methylobacterium sp. ZP24, Bioresource Technol., 99, p. 5749 (2008).
12
[12] Gutierrez, J., Bourque, D., Criado, R., Choi, Y.J., Cintas, L.M., Hernandez, P.E., Miguez, C.B., Heterologous Extracellular Production of Enterocin P from Enterocococcus faecium P13 in the Methyl-otrophic Bacterium Methylobacterium extorquens, FEMS Microbiol Lett., 248, 125 (2005).
13
[13] Govorukhina, N.I. and Trotsenko, Y.A., Poly-β-hydroxybutyrat Contents of Methylotrophic Bacteria with Different Routes for Methanol Assimilation, Appl. Biochem. Micro., 27, p. 80 (1991).
14
[14] Bourque, D., Pomerleau Y. and Groleau, D., High-Cell-Density Production of Poly-β-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) from Methanol by Methylobacterium extorquens: Production of High-Molecular-Mass PHB, Appl. Microbiol. Biot., 44, p. 367 (1995).
15
[15] Choi, J.H., Kim, J.H., Daneial, M. and Lebeault, J.M., Optimization of Growth Medium and Poly-β-hydroxybutyric Acid Production from Methanol in Methylobacterium organophilium, Kor. J. Appl. Microbiol. Bioeng., 17, p. 392 (1989).
16
[16] Daneil, M., Choi, J.H., Kim, J.H. and Lebeautl, J.M., Effect of Nutrient Deficiency on Accumulation and Relative Molecular Weight of Poly-β-hydroxybutyric Acid by Methylotrophic Bacterium, Pseudomonas 135, Appl. Microbiol. Biot., 37, p. 702 (1992).
17
[17] Suzuki, T., Yamane, T. and Shimizu, S., Mass Production of Poly-β-hydroxybutyric Acid by Fully Automatic Fed-Batch Culture of Methylotroph, Appl. Microbiol. Biot., 23, p. 322 (1986a).
18
[18] Yezza, A., Fournier, D., Halasz, A. and Hawari, J., Production of Polyhydroxyalkanoates from Methanol by a New Methylotrophic Bacterium Methyl-obacterium sp. GW2, Appl. Microbiol. Biot., 73, p. 211 (2006).
19
[19] Plackett, R.L., Burman, J.P., The Design of Optimum Multifactorial Experiments, Biometrika,33, p. 305 (1946).
20
[20] Levin, L., Forchiassin, F. and Viale, A., Ligninolytic Enzyme Production and Dye Decolorization by Trametes Trogii: Application of the Plackett-Burman Experimental Design to Evaluate Nutritional Requirements, ProcessBiochem.,40, p. 1381 (2005).
21
[21] Naveena, B.J., Altaf, Md., Bhadriah, K. and Reddy, G., Selection of Medium Component by Plackett-Burman Design for Production of L(+)lactic acid by Lactobacilus amylophilus GV-6 in SSF Using Wheat Bran, Bioresource Technol., 96, p. 485 (2005).
22
[22] Gohel, V., Chaudhary, T., Vyas, P. and Chhatpar, H.S., Statistical Screening of Medium Component for the Production of Chitinase by the Marine Isolate Pantoea dispersa, Biochem. Eng. J., 28, p. 50 (2006).
23
[23] Chauhan, K., Trivedi, U. and Patel, K.C., Statistical Screening of Medium Components by Plackett-Burman Design for Lactic Acid Production by Lactobacillus sp. KCP01 using Date Juice, Bioresource Technol., 98, p. 98 (2007).
24
[24] Khosravi-Darani, K., Vasheghani-Farahani, E. and Shojaosadati, S.A., Application of the Plackett-Burman Design for the Optimization of Poly(β-hydroxybutyrate) Production by Ralstonia eutropha, Iran. J. Biotechnol., 1, p. 155 (2003).
25
[25] Khosravi-Darani, K., Vasheghani-Farahani, E. and Shojaosadati, S.A., Application of the Taguchi Design for Production of poly(β-hydroxybutyrate) by Ralstonia eutropha, Iran. J. Chem. Chem. Eng., 23, p. 131 (2004).
26
[26] Braunegg, G., Sonnleitner, B. and Lafferty R.M., A Rapid Gas Chromatographic Method for the Determination of Poly-β-hydroxybutyric Acid in Microbial Biomass, Eur. J. Appl. Microbiol. Biot.,
27
6, p. 29 (1987).
28
[27] Monaghan, R. L. and Koupal, L.R., Use of the Plackett Burman Technique in a Discovery Program for New Natural Products, In: “Topics InIndustrial Microbiology”, Editors: A. Demain, G. Somkuti, J. Hunter Cevera and H. W. Rossmoore, pp. 25-32 (1989).
29
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Biodegradation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Petroleum Contaminated Soils
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are a class of potentially hazardous chemicals of environmental and health concern. PAHs are one of the most prevalent groups of contaminants found in soil. Biodegradation of complex hydrocarbon usually requires the cooperation of more than single specie. In this research biotreatment of PAH (phenanthrene) was studied in a solid-phase reactor using indigenous bacteria isolated from two petroleum contaminated sites in Iran, (i.e., Tehran refinery site with clayey-sand soil composition and Bushehr oil zone with silty-sand soil composotion). Phenanthrene (C14H10) was made in three rates (100, 500, and 1000 mg/kg of soil) synthetically and was conducted with two bacterial mixed cultures for a period of 20 weeks. Highest removal (more than 85 %) of phenanthrene with rates of 100, 500 and 1000 mg/kg in clayey-sand soil with BMTRS (Bacterial Mix of Tehran Refinery Site) consortium was achieved within 3, 5 and 14 weeks, respectively as for silty-sand soil composition with BMBOZ (Bacterial Mix of Bushehr Oil Zone) consortium was achieved within 10, 17, and 19 weeks, respectively. Results for phenanthrene biotreatment in solid phase reactor revealed a significance relationship between concentration and type of microbial consortium with the removal efficiency of phenanthrene over the time (P value<0.001). Furthermore, there was a significant relationship between soil type with removal efficiency of phenanthrene over the time (P value=0.022). That means the bioremediation of the lower concentrations of phenanthrene needs shorter time compared with the higher concentrations. Microbial analysis using confirmative series tests and analytical profile index (API) kit tests showed the Pseudomonas fluorescence, Serratia liquefaciens, Bacillus and Micrococcus strains as dominant bacteria in the mixed cultures.
https://ijcce.ac.ir/article_6846_116ef9dce31d200e387ef6d42a35d7ba.pdf
2009-09-01
53
59
10.30492/ijcce.2009.6846
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs)
Bioremediation
PAH-degrading microorganisms
PAH contaminated soils
Mohsen
Arbabi
arbabi1347@yahoo.com
1
Department of Environmental Health , School of Health, Shahre Kord University of Medical Sciences, Shahre-kord, I.R. IRAN
LEAD_AUTHOR
Simin
Nasseri
2
Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Center for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, I.R. IRAN
AUTHOR
Anyakora
Chimezie
3
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Lagos, NIGERIA
AUTHOR
[1] Muller, H., Breure, A.M. and Rulkens, W.H., Prediction of Complete Bioremediation Periods for PAHs Soil Pollutants in Different Physical States by Mechanistic Models, Chemosphere, 43, p. 1085 (2004).
1
[2] Lee, P.K., Ong, S.K., Golchin, J. and Nelson, G.L., Use of Solvents to Enhance PAHs Biodegradation of Coal Tar-Contaminated Soils, Wat Res, 35(16), p. 3941 (2001).
2
[3] Khodadoust, A.P., Bagchi, R., Suidan, M.T.,Brenner R.C. and Sellers, N.G., Removal of PAHs from Highly Contaminated Soils Found at Prior Manufactured Gas Operations, Journal of Hazardous Materials, B80,p.159 (2000).
3
[4] Amellal, N., Portal, J. M., Berthelin J., Effect of Soil Structure on Bioavailability of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons within Aggregates of a Contaminated Soil, Applied Geochemistry, 16, p. 1611 (2001).
4
[5] Michael, D., Aitken, Shu-Hwa Chen, Chikoma Kazunga, and Randall, B., Marx, Bacterial "Biodegradation of High Molecular Weight Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons", SUPERFUND BASIC RESEARCH PROGRAM (http://cmr.sph. unc.edu/SBRP/) (2004).
5
[6] Aitken, Michael D., Stefan, J., Grim berg Janet Nagel, Robert D., Nagel and William, T., String Fellow, Bacterial Biodegradation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH) and Potential Effects of Surfactants on PAH Bioavailability, Available at: http://www2.ncsu.edu/ncsu/wrri/reports/report299.html. (2002).
6
[7] Turlongh, F.G., The Extraction of Aged Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH) Residues from a Clay Soil Using Sonication and Soxhlet Procedure: A Comparative Study, Environ Monit, 1, p. 63 (1999).
7
[8] Wong, J.W.C., Lai, K.M., Wan, C.K., Ma, K.K. and Fang, M., Isolation and Optimization of PAH-Degradative Bacteria from Contaminated for PAHs Bioremediation, Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 139, p. 1 (2002).
8
[9] Yun, T., Tianling, Z. and Xinhong, W., PAHs Contamination and PAH-Degrading Bacteria in Xiamen Western Sea, Chemical Speciation and Bioavailability, Chemical Speciation and Bio-availability, 14, p. 25 (2003).
9
[10] Arbabi, M., Nasseri, S., Medaghinia, AR., Rezaie, S., Naddafi, K., Omrani, GH. and Yunesian, M., Survey on Physical, Chemical and Microbiological Characteristic of PAH-Contaminated Soils in Iran, Iranian Jour. Env. Health Sci. Eng. (IJEHSE), 1(1), p. 30 (2004).
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[11] Samanta, S.K., Singh O. and Jain, R.K., Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Environmental Pollution and Bioremediation, TRENDS in Biotechnology, 20(6), p. 243 (2002).
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[12] Mastrangela, G., Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Cancer in Man, Environ. Health Prespect., 104, p. 1166 (1997).
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[13] Falahatphisheh, M.H., Antagonistic Interactions Among Nephrotoxic Polycyclic Aromatic Hydro-carbons, Journal Toxicol. Environ. Health, 62, p. 543 (2001).
13
[14] Kastner, M., Breuer, M.J. and Mahro, B., Impact of Inoculation Protocols, Salinity, and pH on the Degradation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) and Survival of PAH-Degrading Bacteria Introduced into Soil, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 64(1), p. 359 (1998).
14
[15] APHA, AWWA, WEF, "Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater", 20th Ed. Washington (2000).
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[16] API (Analytical Profile Index) 20E, “Manual Procedure for Bacteriological Identification”, #2019 (2000).
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[17] Saponaro Sabrina, Bonomo Luca, Petruzzelli Gianniantonio, Romele Loura, and Barbafieri Meri, Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) Slurry Phase Bioremediation of a Manufacturing Gas Plant (MGP) Site Aged Soil, Water,Air and Soil Pollution, 134, p. 219 (2002).
17
[18] ISO/TC 190/SC3, “Soil Quality-General Aspects; Chemical and Physical Methods of Analysis; Biological Methods of Analysis”, ISO Standards Compendium, Geneve, CH (1994).
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[19] NIOSH, “Manual of Analytical Methods (NMAM): Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons by HPLC”, Method 5506, Issue 3, 4th Ed., pp. 1-9 (1998).
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[20] EPA (2003), Extraction Methods of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, http:// www. epa. gov/ paoswer/ hazwaste/test/sw846.htm.
20
[21] Herbert, “Sample Preparation and HPLC Analysis of PAHs Extracted Soil Samples”, Certified Quality Management, DIN EN ISO 9001, Unexas Application, KNAUER (2003).
21
[22] Young, Lily Y., Cernighlia, Carl E., “Microbial Transformation and Degradation of Toxic Organic Chemicals”, Wiley-Liss (2003).
22
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Simulation of Boiling in a Vertical Channel Using Ensemble Average Model
Simulation of turbulence boiling, generation of vapour and predication of its behaviour are still subject to debate in the two-phase flow area and they receive a high level of worldwide attention. In this study, a new arrangement of the three dimensional governing equations for turbulence two-phase flow with heat and mass transfer are derived by using ensemble averaging two-fluid model and utilizing the latest approved constitutive equations. Then, the governing equations are simplified for bulk boiling in a vertical channel. A computer program with SIMPLE algorithm is written for the simplified equations, and the results are compared with available experimental data and a boiling water reactor in operating condition.
https://ijcce.ac.ir/article_6848_c1d1bf36e04efe2a68b04701dbf652ba.pdf
2009-09-01
61
70
10.30492/ijcce.2009.6848
Boiling
Two-phase flow
Heat and mass transfer
Two-fluid model
Ensemble averaging
Hikmet S.
Aybar
hikmet.aybar@emu.edu.tr
1
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Eastern Mediterranean University, G. Magosa, North Cyprus, TURKEY
LEAD_AUTHOR
Mohsen
Sharifpur
2
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Eastern Mediterranean University, G. Magosa, North Cyprus, TURKEY
AUTHOR
[1] Ishii, M., Hiblki, T., Revankar, S. T., Kim, S. and Le Corre, J.M., “Interfacial Area and Interfacial Transfer in Two-Phase Flow Systems”, DOE Final Report - PU/NE-02-06-U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Basic Energy Science, (2002).
1
[2] Lahey Jr., R.T., The Simulation of Multidimensional Multiphase Flows, J. Nuclear Eng. and Design, 235, 1043 (2005).
2
[3] Zboray, R. and Cachard, F. de, Simulating Large-Scale Bubble Plumes Using Various Closure and Two-Phase Turbulence Models, J. Nuclear Eng. and Design, 235, 867 (2005).
3
[4] Ishii, M., “Thermo-Fluid Dynamic Theory of Two-Phase Flow”, Eyrolles Publications, France, (1975).
4
[5] Delhaye, J.M., Local Time Averaged Equations, Two- Phase Flows and Heat Transfer, 1, 91 (1976).
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[6] Nigmatulin, R. I., Spatial Averaging in the Mechanics of Heterogeneous and Dispersed Systems, Int. J. Multiphase Flow, 5, 353 (1979).
6
[7] Buyevich, Y. A., Kinematics of Mass Transfer Between a Polydispersed Particle System and Surroundings Media, J. Appl. Mech. And Tech. Phys., 7, 32 (1966).
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[8] Bachelor, G. K., The Stress System in a Suspension of Force-Free Particles, J. Fluid Mech., 42, 545 (1970).
8
[9] Drew, D.A., Averaged Field Equations for Two- Phase Media, Studiesin Applied Math., 1, 133 (1971).
9
[10] Iwanaga, M. and Ishihara, T., Volume Averaged Expression of Two-Phase Flow, Bull. JEME, 23, 1124 (1980).
10
[11] Gray, W.C., Local Volume Averaging of Multiphase Systems Using a Non-Constant Averaging Volume, Int. J. Multiphase Flow, 9, 755 (1983).
11
[12] Bataille, J., “Averaged Field Equations for Multi-phase Flows” (Report No. GEOFLO/9), Brown University, Division of Energy, USA. (1981).
12
[13] Arnold G. S., “Entropy and Objectivity as Constraints Upon Constitutive Equations for Two-Fluid Modeling of Multiphase Flow”, PhD Dissertation, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180-3590, USA, (1988).
13
[14] Park, J.W., Void Wave Propagation in Two-Phase Flow, PhD. Dissertation, “Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute”, Troy, NY 12180-3590, USA., (1992).
14
[15] Arnold, G.S., Drew, D.A. and Lahey, R.T., Derivation of Constitutive Equations for Interfacial Force and Reynolds Stress for a Suspension of Sphere Using Ensemble Cell Averaging, Chemical Eng. Communication, 86, 376 (1989).
15
[16] Antal. S. P., “Phase Distribution in Bubbly Two-Phase Flows, PhD. Dissertation”, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY12180-3590, USA, (1994).
16
[17] Drew, D.A. and Lahey, R.T. An Ensemble Averaging Model for Dilute Invisid Two-Phase Flow, Center for Multiphase Research RPI, Troy, NY, USA, (1999).
17
[18] Lahey, Jr., R.T. and Drew, D.A., An Analysis of Two-Phase Flow and Heat Transfer Using a Multi-Dimensional, Four Field, Two-Fluid Model, Proc. of NURETH-9, San Francisco, CA USA, (1999).
18
[19] Drew, D.A. and Passman, S. L., “Theory of Multicomponent Fluids”, Springer Publications, (1999).
19
[20] Drew, D.A. and Lahey, R.T., An Analysis of Two-Phase Flow and Heat Transfer Using a Multidimensional Multi - field, Two - Fluid Compu-tational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) Model, Japan/US Seminar on Two-Phase Flow Dynamic, Santa Barbara, CA USA, (2000).
20
[21] Lahey, R.T. and Drew, D.A., An Analysis of Two-Phase Flow and Heat Transfer Using a Multidimensional Four-Field, Two-Fluid Model, J. Nuclear Eng. and Design, 204, 29 (2001).
21
[22] Galimov, A. Yu., Drew, D. A., Lahey, R. T. and Moraga, F. J., The Analysis of Interfacial Waves,
22
J. Nuclear Eng. and Design, 235, 1283 (2005).
23
[23] Lahey, Jr., R.T., The Simulation of Multidimensional Multiphase Flows, J. Nuclear Eng. and Design,
24
235, 1043 (2005).
25
[24] Moraga, F.J., Larreteguy, A.E., Drew, D.A. and Lahey Jr., R.T. A Center-Averaged Two-Fluid Model for Wall-Bounded Bubbly Flows, Computers & Fluids, 35, 429 (2006).
26
[25] Zboray, R. and Cachard, F., Simulating Large-Scale Bubble Plumes Using Various Closure and Two-Phase Turbulence Models, J. Nuclear Eng. and Design, 235, 867 (2005).
27
[26] Li, Xiangdong, Wang, Rongshun, Huang, Rongguo and Shi, Yumei, Numerical Investigation of Boiling Flow of Nitrogen in a Vertical Tube Using the Two-Fluid Model, Applied Thermal Engineering, 26, 2425 (2006).
28
[27] Li, Xiangdong, Wang, Rongshun, Huang, Rongguo and Shi, Yumei, Numerical and Experimental Investigation of Pressure Drop Characteristics During Upward Boiling Two-Phase Flow of Nitrogen, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 50, 1971 (2007).
29
[28] Politano, M.S., Carrica, P.M. and Converti, J., A Model for Turbulent Polydisperse Two-Phase Flow in Vertical Channels, InternationalJournalof Multiphase Flow, 29, 1153 (2003).
30
[29] Collier, J.G. and Thome, J.R., “Convective Boiling and Condensation”, Oxford Presses Publication, (1994).
31
[30] Anglart, H., Nylund, O., Kurul, N. and Podowski, M.Z., CFD Prediction of Flow and Phase Distribution in Fuel Assemblies with Spacers, J. Nuclear Eng. and Design, 177, 215 (1997).
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[31] Yeoh, G.H. and Tub, J.Y., Population Balance Modelling for Bubbly Flows with Heat and Mass Transfer, Chemical Engineering Science, 59, 3125 (2004).
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[32] Yeoh, G.H. and Tub, J.Y., Numerical Modelling of Bubbly Flows with and without Heat and Mass Transfer, Applied Mathematical Modelling, 30, 1067 (2006).
34
[33] Ishii, M. and Zuber, N., Drag Coefficient and Relative Velocity in Bubbly, Droplet or Particulate Flows, AIChE J., 25, 843 (1979).
35
[34] Ishii, M. and Mishima, K., Two-Fluid Model and Hydrodynamic Constitutive Relations, J. Nuclear Eng. and Design, 82, 107 (1984).
36
[35] Kurul, N. and Podowski, M.Z., On the Modeling of Multidimensional Effects in Boiling Channels, ANS Proc., National Heat Transfer Conference, Minneapolis, MN. (1991).
37
[36] Drew, D.A. and Lahey Jr., R.T., Application of General Constitutive Principles to the Derivation of Multidimensional Two-Phase Flow Equation, Int. J. Multiphase Flow, 5, 243 (1979).
38
[37] Ustinenko, V., Samigulin, M., Ioilev, A., Lob, S., Tentner, A., Lychagin, A., Razin, A., Girin, V. and Vanyukov Ye., Validation of CFD-BWR, A New Two-Phase Computational Fluid Dynamics Model for Boiling Water Reactor Analysis, J. Nuclear Eng. and Design, 238, 660 (2008).
39
[38] Tomiyama, A., Tarnai, H., Zun, I. and Hosokama, S., Transverse Migration of Single Bubbles in Simple Shear Flow, Chem. Eng. Sci., 57, 1849 (2002).
40
[39] Lopez de Bertodano, M., Lahey Jr., R.T. and Jones, O.C., Phase Distribution in Bubbly Two-Phase Flow in Vertical Ducts, Int. J. Multiphase Flow, 20 (5), 805 (1994).
41
[40] Lahey, R.T. Jr., Bertodano, M. and Jones, O.C., Phase Distribution in Complex Geometry Conduits, J. Nuclear Eng. and Design, 141, 177 (1993).
42
[41] Alajbegovic, A., Drew, D.A. and Lahey Jr., R.T., An Analysis of Phase Distribution and Turbulence Structure in Disperse Particle/Liquid Flow, Chem. Eng. Comm., 174, 85 (1999).
43
[42] Sato, Y., Sadatomi, M., Sekoguchi, K., Momentum and Heat Transfer in Two-Phase Bubble Flow-I. Theory, Int. J. Multiphase Flow, 7, 167 (1981).
44
[43] Sharifpur, M., Salehi, M., Nouri Brojerdi, A. and Arefmanesh, A., Ensemble Averaged Two- Phase Flow Numerical Simulation in Vertical Ducts for the Void-Studying Behavior in BWRs, “Proceeding of 11th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering”, ICONE 11 (ASME), Japan, (2003).
45
[44] Oliveira, P.J., Issa, R.I., Numerical Aspects of an Algorithm for the Eulerian Simulation of Two-Phase Flows, “Proceedings of ECCOMAS 2001”, Swansea, UK, (2001).
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[45] Shunyu, SU., Huang, Su-Yi and Wang, Xiao-Mo, Experiments and Homogeneous Turbulence Model of Boiling Flow in Narrow Channels, Heat Mass Transfer, 41, 773 (2005).
47
[46] Bedirhan, Akdeniz, Kostadin, N. Ivanov and Olson Andy, M., “Boiling Water Reactor Turbine Trip (TT) Benchmark”, Volume III: Summary Results of Exercise 2, Nuclear Energy Agency, NEA No. 5437, US Nuclear Regulatory Commission, (2006).
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[47] Solis, Jorge, Kostadin N., Ivanov, Baris, Sarikaya, Olson, Andy, M. and Hunt, Kenneth W., “Boiling Water Reactor Turbine Trip (TT) Benchmark”, Volume I: Final Specifications, Nuclear Energy Agency, US Nuclear Regulatory Commission, (2001).
49
[48] Yadigaroglu, G. and Askari, B., Personal Communication, Nuclear Engineering Laboratory, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Institute of Energy Technology, Zurich, Switzerland, (2004).
50
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Application of Genetic Programming to Modeling and Prediction of Activity Coefficient Ratio of Electrolytes in Aqueous Electrolyte Solution Containing Amino Acids
Genetic programming (GP) is one of the computer algorithms in the family of evolutionary-computational methods, which have been shown to provide reliable solutions to complex optimization problems. The genetic programming under discussion in this work relies on tree-like building blocks, and thus supports process modeling with varying structure. In this paper the systems containing amino acids + water + one electrolyte (NaCl, KCl, NaBr, KBr) are modeled by GP that can predict the mean ionic activity coefficient ratio of electrolytes in presence and in absence of amino acid in different mixtures better than the common polynomial equations proposed for this kind of predictions. A set of 750 data points was used for model training and the remaining 105 data points were used for model validation. The root mean square deviation (RMSD) of the designed GP model in prediction of the mean ionic activity coefficient ratio of electrolytes is less than 0.0394 and proves the effectiveness of the GP in correlation and prediction of activity coefficients in the studied mixtures.
https://ijcce.ac.ir/article_6849_79903cd40d063b764a859e2ef8b9d68f.pdf
2009-09-01
71
80
10.30492/ijcce.2009.6849
Amino acid
Electrolytes
Activity Coefficient
Modeling
Genetic programming
Mahdi
Zaeifi Yamchi
1
Department of Chemistry, Amirkabir University of Technology, P.O. Box 15875-4413 Tehran, I.R. IRAN
AUTHOR
Majid
Abdouss
phdabdouss44@aut.ac.ir
2
Department of Chemistry, Amirkabir University of Technology, P.O. Box 15875-4413 Tehran, I.R. IRAN
AUTHOR
Hamid
Modarress
hmodares@aut.ac.ir
3
Department of Chemical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, P.O. Box 15875-4413 Tehran, I.R. IRAN
LEAD_AUTHOR
[1] Cohn, E.J., Edsall, J.T., "Proteins Amino Acids and Peptides as Ions and Dipolar Ions”, Hanfer, New York (1965).
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[2] Marcozzi, G., Correa, N., Luisi, P.L., Caselli, M., Biotechnol. Bioeng., 38, 1239 (1991).
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[3] Kirkwood, J.G., Chem. Phys., 2, 351 (1934).
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[4] Kirkwood, J.G., Chem. Rev., 24, 233 (1939).
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[5] Merida, L.F., Raposo, R.R., Garcia, G.E.G., Esteso, M.A., J. Electroanal. Chem., 379, 63 (1994).
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[6] Raposo, R., Merida, L., Esteso, M.A., J. Chem. Thermodyn., 26, 1121 (1994).
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[7] Pitzer, K.S., “Activity Coefficients in Electrolyte Solutions”, 2nd Ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, (1991).
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[8] Khoshkbarchi, M.K., Vera, J.H., Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 35, 2735 (1996).
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[9] Khoshkbarchi, M.K., Vera, J.H., AIChE J., 42, 2354 (1996).
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[10] Renon, H., Prausnitz, J.M., AIChE J., 14, 135 (1968).
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[11] Wilson, G.M., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 86, 124 (1964).
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[12] Bromley, L.A., AIChE J. 19, 313 (1973).
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[13] Khoshkbarchi, M.K., Vera, J.H., AIChE J., 42, 249 (1996).
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[14] Pazuki, G.R., Rohani, A.A., Dashtizadeh, A., Fluid Phase Equilib., 231, 171 (2005).
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[15] Khoshkbarchi, M.K., Vera, J.H., Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 35, 4755 (1996).
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[16] Haghtalab, A., Vera, J.H., AIChE J., 34, 803 (1988).
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[17] Haghtalab, A., Sarkisian, E., Sci. Iran., 5, 67 (1998).
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[18] Koza, J., “Genetic Programming: On the Program-ing of Computers by Means of Natural Selection”, The MIT Press, USA, (1992).
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[19] Koza, J., “Genetic Programming II: Automatic Discovery of Reusable Programs”, The MIT Press, USA, (1994).
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[20] Bettenhausen, K.D., Marenbach, P., Freyer, S., Renenmaier, H., Nieken, U., Proc. lEE Conf. on Genetic Algorithms in Engng. Systems: Inovations and Applications - GALESIA'95, Sheffield, UK, No 414, 481, (1995).
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[21] McKay, B., Elsey, J. Willis, M.J., Barton, G.W., Prec. IFAC, 13th World Congress '96, San Francisco, USA, 277 (1996).
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[22] Watson, A.H., Parmee, I.C., Prec. Of the Second Online Workshop on Evolutionary Computation -WEC2, 45 (1996).
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[23] McKay, B., Lennox, B., Willis, M.J., Montague, G., Barton, G.W., Prec. of the UKACC Int. Conf. on CONTROL-96, Exeter, UK, 2, 734 (1996).
23
[24] McKay, B., Willis, M.J., Barton, G.W., Computers and Chemical Engineering, 21, 981 (1997).
24
[25] Grosman, B., Lewin, D.R., Computers and Chemical Engineering, 26, 631 (2002).
25
[26] Grosman, B., Lewin, D.R., Computers and Chemical Engineering, 28, 2779 (2004).
26
[27] Dehghani, M.R., Modarress, H., Bakhshi, A., Fluid Phase Equilibria 244, 153 (2006).
27
[28] Ardakani, M.K., Modarress, H., Taghikhani V., Khoshkbarchi, M.K., J. Chem. Thermodyn., 33, 821 (2001).
28
[29] Chung, Y.M., Vera, J.H., BioPhys. Chem., 92, 77 (2001).
29
[30] Chung, Y.M., Vera, J.H., Fluid Phase Equilib., 203, 99 (2002).
30
[31] Cohn, E.J., Edsall, J.T., “Proteins Amino Acids and Peptides as Ions and Dipolar Ions”, Hanfer, New York (1965).
31
[32] Khavaninzadeh, A., Modarress, H., Taghikhani V., Khoshkbarchi, M.K., J. Chem. Thermodyn., 35, 1553 (2003).
32
[33] Khavaninzadeh, A., Modarress, H., Taghikhani V., Khoshkbarchi, M.K., J. Chem. Thermodyn., 34, 1297 (2002).
33
[34] Khoshkbarchi, M. K., “Ph.D. Thesis”, McGillUniversity, (1996).
34
[35] Marenbach, P., Bettenhausen, K.D., Freyer,S., Prec. 1st Annual Conf. on Genetic Programming, Stanford University, USA, 327 (1996).
35
[36] Soto-Campos, A.M., Koshkbarchi, M.K., Vera, J.H., Fluid Phase Equilib., 142, 193 (1998).
36
[37] Soto-Campos, A.M., Koshkbarchi, M.K., Vera, J.H., Fluid Phase Equilib., 158, 893 (1999).
37
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Batch Equilibrium and Kinetics Studies of Cd (II) Ion Removal from Aqueous Solution Using Porous Chitosan Hydrogel Beads
In this study chitosan hydrogel beads with porosity ~ 0.86 and diameter ~ 20.07 mm were prepared from 85 % deacetylated chitosan for removal of Cd2+ ions from aqueous solutions. Chitosan powder was dissolved into dilute acetic acid as solvent and formed into spherical beads using a phase inversion technique. The effect of temperature, initial concentration of Cd2+ ions, and the period of agitation were perused to achieve the best isotherm model. Freundlich model was better fitted than Langmuir model (R2 > 0.99 and R2> 0.93 respectively, at pH of 6.3, and shaker speed of 200 rpm), the constants of Langmuir and Freundlich models were calculated, which RL value and qmax (mg/g wet weight) at 30 °C, 40 °C, 50 °C showed maximum uptake capacity of 61.35 (mg/g wet weight) obtained at 30 °C. The calculated heat of adsorption was -8.69,-7.051, -5.513 kJ mol-1 at 30, 40, 50 °C respectively which verified an exothermic process. Kinetic studies of the adsorption phenomena were conducted in a batch system by initial concentrations from 100 to 500 mgL-1 until the equilibrium concentration Ce (mgL-1) was reached. First-order, and second-order kinetic models were used; the experimental data were in reliable compliance with second-order kinetic model with R2 value greater than 0.97. The rate constants of the kinetic models were also calculated and tabulated. To investigate the surface morphology of the chitosan beads before and after adsorption process, they were observed by the use of Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The surface characterization of the beads in both cases showed metal ions binding toward the surface of porous chitosan beads. All of the experiments carried out at pH of 6.3 and agitation rate of 200 rpm, which were opted according to optimum status of previous researcher’s reports.
https://ijcce.ac.ir/article_6850_114187fb19b23ca4380457eca2bab40a.pdf
2009-09-01
81
89
10.30492/ijcce.2009.6850
Chitosan
Hydrogel beads
Adsorption
Cd 2+
Kinetics
Saeed
Mohammad Beigi
1
Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, I.R. IRAN
AUTHOR
Aziz
Babapoor
babapoor2006@yahoo.com
2
Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, I.R. IRAN
AUTHOR
Vida
Maghsoodi
maghsoodi@sharif.edu
3
Biochemical and Bioenvironmental Engineering Research Centre (BBRC), Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, I.R. IRAN
LEAD_AUTHOR
Sayyed Mohammad
Mousavi
4
Biotechnology Group, Chemical Engineering Department, Trbiat Modares University, Tehran, I.R. IRAN
AUTHOR
Narges
Rajabi
5
Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, I.R. IRAN
AUTHOR
[1] Yin, P., Yu, Q., Jin, B., Ling, Z., Biosorption Removal of Cadmium from Aqueous Solution by using Pretreated Fungal Biomass Cultured from Starch Wastewater, J. Water Res., 33, 1960 (1999).
1
[2] Wan Ngah, W.S., Endud, C.S., Mayanar, R., Removal of Copper (II) Ions from Aqueous Solution onto Chitosan and Cross-Linked Chitosan Beads, Reactive and Func. Polym., 50, 181 (2002).
2
[3] Wan Ngah, W.S., Ghani, S.A., Kamari, A., Adsorption Behavior of Fe (II) and Fe (III) Ions in Aqueous Solution on Chitosan and Cross-Linked Chitosan Beads, Biores. Technol., 96, 443 (2005).
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[4] Maghsoodi,V. et al., Influence of Different Nitrogen Sources on Amount of Chitosan Production by Aspergillus nigerin Solid State Fermentation, Iran. J. Chem. Chem. Eng., 27 (1), (2008).
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[5] Harish Prashanth, K.V., Tharanathan R.N., Chitin/ Chitosan: Modifications and Their Unlimited Application Potential-an Overview, Trends in Food Sci. & Technol., 17, 1 (2006).
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[6] Guibal E., Interactions of Metal Ions with Chitosan-Based Sorbents: A Review, Sep. and Purification Technol., 38, 43 (2004).
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[7] Trimukhe, K.D., Varma, A.J., A Morphological Study of Heavy Metal Complexes of Chitosan and Crosslinked Chitosans by SEM and WAXRD, Carbohyd. Polym., 62 (1), 57 (2005).
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[8] Zhao, F., Yu, B., Yue, Z., Wang, T., Wen, X., Liu, Z., Zhao, C., Preparation of Porous Chitosan Gel Beads for Copper (II) Ion Adsorption, J. of Hazard. Mater., 147, 67 (2007).
8
[9] Wan Ngah, W.S., Kamari, A., Koay, Y.J., Equilibrium and Kinetics Studies of Adsorption of Copper (II) on Chitosan and Chitosan/PVA Beads, Int. J. of Biol. Macromolecules, 34, 155 (2004).
9
[10] Cestari, A.R., Vieira, E.F.S., Oliveira, I.A.D., Bruns R.E., The Removal of Cu (II) and Co (II) from Aqueous Solutions using Cross-Linked Chitosan-Evaluation by the Factorial Design Methodology, Biotechnol. and Bioeng., 50, 207 (1996).
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[11] Jeon, C., Park, K.H., Adsorption and Desorption Characteristics of Mercury (II) Ions using Aminated Chitosan Bead, J. Water Res., 39, 3938 (2005).
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[12] Baroni, P., Vieira, R.S., Meneghetti, E., Dasilva, M.G.C., Beppu, M.M., Evaluation of Batch Adsorption of Chromium Ions on Natural and Crosslinked Chitosan Membranes, J. of Hazard. Mater., 152 (3), 1155 (2008).
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[13] Chilton, N.G., Losso, J.N., Marshall Wayne, E., Rao Ramu, M., Freundlich Adsorption Isotherms of Agricultural By-Product-Based Powdered Activated Carbons in a Geosmin-Water System, Biores. Technol., 85, 131 (2002).
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[14] Donia, A.M., Atia, A.A., Elwakeel, K.Z., Recovery of Gold (III) and Silver (I) on a Chemically Modified Chitosan with Magnetic Properties, J. Hydrometallurgy, 87, 197 (2007).
14
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
A Simple Theoretical Model for Prediction of Phase Inversion
Phase inversion in liquid-liquid dispersions corresponds to the transitional boundary between Oil-in-Aqueous dispersion and Aqueous-in-Oil dispersion. A theoretical model based on simple assumptions was proposed to predict phase inversion point, ambivalence region and the hysteresis effect of inversion. Experimental data from the literature were used to validate the model and results were compared with those obtained by the Yeo et al. model. Comparison shows that there is a reasonable agreement between the suggested model and the experimental results taken from the literature. It is also pointed out that this model generates smaller relative errors than the previous work of Yeo et al. does.
https://ijcce.ac.ir/article_6851_f1996df236706a9bda9637cffea174f9.pdf
2009-09-01
91
95
10.30492/ijcce.2009.6851
Phase inversion
Liquid-liquid dispersion
Ambivalence region
model
Nader
Hedayat
1
School of Chemical Engineering, University College of Engineering, University of Tehran, I.R. IRAN
AUTHOR
Parissa
Khadiv Parsi
kparsi@ut.ac.ir
2
School of Chemical Engineering, University College of Engineering, University of Tehran, I.R. IRAN
AUTHOR
Mohammad Ali
Moosavian
3
School of Chemical Engineering, University College of Engineering, University of Tehran, I.R. IRAN
AUTHOR
[1] Ioannou, K., Nydal, O. J., Angeli, P., Experimental Thermal and Fluid Sci., 29, p. 331 (2005).
1
[2] Hu, B., Angeli, P., Matar, O. K., Hewitt, G. F., Chem. Eng. Sci., 60, p. 3487 (2005).
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[3] Kumar, S. P., Chem. Eng. Sci.,51, p. 831 (1996).
3
[4] Liu, L., Matar, O.K., Perez de Ortize, E.S. and Geoffrey, F., Chem. Eng. Sci., 60, p. 85 (2005).
4
[5] Tidhar, M., Merchuk, J. C., Sembira, A. N., Wolf, D., Chem. Eng. Sci.,41, p. 457 (1986).
5
[6] Arashmid, M., Jeffreys, G. V., AIChE J., 26, p. 51 (1980).
6
[7] Yeo, L. Y., Matar, O. K., Perez de Ortiz, E. S., Hewitt, G.F., Multiphase Sci. Technol., 12, p. 51 (2000).
7
[8] Yeo, L. Y., Matar, O. K., Perez de Ortiz, E. S., Hewitt, G.F., J. Colloid and Interf. Sci.,248, p. 443 (2002).
8
[9] Yeo, L. Y., Matar, O. K., Perez de Ortiz, E. S., Hewitt, G. F., Chem. Eng. Sci.,57, p. 1069 (2002).
9
[10] Brauner, N., Ullmann, A., Int. J. Multiphase Fluid, 28, p. 1177(2002).
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[11] Vikhansky, A., Kraft, M., Chem. Eng. Sci., 59, p. 2597 (2004).
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[12] Pacek, A. W., Man, C.C., Nienow, A. W., Chem. Eng. Sci.,53, p. 2005 (1998).
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[13] Zhou, G., Kresta, S.M., Chem. Eng. Sci., 53, p. 2099 (1998) .
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[14] Hu, B., Angeli, P., Matar, O. K., Hewitt, G. F., Chem. Eng. Sci.,60, p. 3487 (2005).
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[15] Selker, A.H., Sleicher, Jr.,C.A., Can. J. Chem. Eng., 43 , p. 298 (1965).
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[16] Groeneweg, F., Agterof, W. G. M., Jaeger, P., Janssen, J. J. M., Wieringa, J. A., Klahn, J. K., Chem. Eng. Res. Des., Trans. IChem E (Part A), 76, p. 55 (1998).
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[17] Deshpande, K. B., Kumar, S., Chem. Eng. Sci., 58, p. 3829 (2003).
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[18] Kumar, A., Hartland, S., Can. J. Chem. Eng., 64, p. 915 (1986).
18
[19] Decarre, S., Fabre, J., J. French. Inst. Pet., 52, p. 415 (1997) (In French).
19
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Mathematical Modeling of an Industrial Naphtha Reformer with Three Adiabatic Reactors in Series
A mathematical model for commercial naphtha catalytic reformer of Tehran refinery was developed. This model includes three sequencing fixed beds of Pt/Al2O3 catalyst at the steady state condition using detailed kinetic scheme involving 26 pseudo-components connected by a network of 47 reactions, in the range of C6 to C9 hydrocarbons. The reaction network consisted dehydrogenation, hydrogenation, ring expansion, paraffin and iso-paraffin cracking, naphthene cracking, paraffin isomerization and hydrodealkylation of aromatics. The kinetic model was fine tuned against industrial plant data using a feed characterized by PIONA (Paraffin, Iso-paraffin, Oleffin, Naphthene and Aromatics) analysis. The final outlet results of the reformer such as RON (Research Octane Number), yield and outlet reformate compositions have shown good agreement with actual conditions of Tehran Refinery reforming unit.
https://ijcce.ac.ir/article_6852_1f3e68ea01ff3ec65b369565fd00a765.pdf
2009-09-01
97
102
10.30492/ijcce.2009.6852
kinetic model
Modeling
Naphtha reforming
Fixed bed reactor
Ali
Fazeli
1
School of Chemical Engineering, University College of Engineering, University of Tehran, I.R. IRAN
AUTHOR
Shohreh
Fatemi
shfatemi@ut.ac.ir
2
School of Chemical Engineering, University College of Engineering, University of Tehran, I.R. IRAN
LEAD_AUTHOR
Mohammad
Mahdavian
3
School of Chemical Engineering, University College of Engineering, University of Tehran, I.R. IRAN
AUTHOR
Azadeh
Ghaee
4
School of Chemical Engineering, University College of Engineering, University of Tehran, I.R. IRAN
AUTHOR
[1] Smith, R.B., Kinetic Analysis of Naphtha Reforming with Platinum Catalyst, Chemical Engineering Progress, 55, p. 76 (1959).
1
[2] Marine, G. B. and Froment, G. F., Reforming of C6 Hydrocarbons on a Pt-Al2O3 Catalyst, Chemical Engineering Science, 37, p. 759 (1982).
2
[3] Padmavathi, G. and Chaudhuri, K. K., Modeling and Simulation of Commercial Catalytic Naphtha Reformers, The Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering, 75, p. 930 (1997).
3
[4] Tasker, U. and Riggs, J. B., Modeling and Optimization of a Semi Regenerative Catalytic Naphtha Reformer, AIChE, 43, p. 740 (1997).
4
[5] Ancheyta Juarez, J. and Villafuerte Macias, E., Kinetic Modeling of Naphtha Catalytic Reforming Reactions, Energy & Fuels, 14, p. 1032 (2000).
5
[6] Hu, S. and Zhu, F. X. X., Molecular Modeling and Optimization for Catalytic Reforming, Chemical Engineering Communications, p. 191, 500 (2004).
6
[7] Ancheyta Juarez, J., Villafuerte Macias, E., Diaz Garcia, L. and Gonzalez Arredondo, E., Modeling and Simulation of Four Catalytic Reactors in Series for Naphtha Reforming, Energy & Fuels, 15, p. 887 (2001).
7
[8] Sinnott, R. K., (Editor), “Chemical Engineering Design”, Coulson and Richardson's Chemical Engineering, Vol. 6, 4th Edition, Elsevier, (2005).
8
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Extractive Capacity of Oleyl Alcohol on 2, 3-Butanediol Production in Fermentation Process with Use of Klebsiella pneumoniae PTCC 1290
Recovery of metabolites from fermentation broth by solvent extraction can be used to optimize fermentation processes. End-product reutilization, low product concentration and large volumes of fermentation broth and the requirements for large bioreactors, in addition to the high cost largely contributed to the decline in fermentative 2,3-butanediol production. Extraction can successfully be used for in-situ alcohol recovery in 2,3-butanediol fermentations to increase the substrate conversion. In the present work organic extraction of 2,3-butanediol produced by Klebsiella pneumoniae fermentation was studied to determine solvent effect on 2,3-butanediol production. The aim of this project was liquid-liquid extractive fermentation systems evaluation as an alternative to overcome the end product effect and to increase of 2,3-butanediol production by K.pneumoniae because Conventional fermentative production of 2,3-butanediol by K. pneumoniae has the disadvantage of product reutilization by the organism. Alternatives to overcome this problem have met with limited success. Extractive fermentation has been shown to solve this problem. An effort has been made in this study to use for the extractive fermentation of 2,3-butanediol using oleyl alcohol as extract-ant. Eighteen organic solvents were examined to determine their biocompatibility for in situ extraction of fermentation products from cultures of the K. pneumoniae. From 18 tested solvents, 13 of which were non-toxic to K.pneumoniae. The highest 2,3-butanediol production (23.01 g l-1) was achieved when oleyl alcohol was used. In situ removal of end products from K.pneumoniae resulted in increased productivity. In conclusion 2,3-butanediol productivity increased from 0.5 g l-1h-1 to 0.66 g l-1h-1 in extractive fermentation using oleyl alcohol as the extraction solvent.
https://ijcce.ac.ir/article_6853_0ed49beaa1077394c0e63a0840d84b5f.pdf
2009-09-01
103
109
10.30492/ijcce.2009.6853
2, 3-Butanediol
Oleyl alcohol
Liquid-liquid Extraction
Solvent selection
Hassan
Pahlavanzadeh
1
Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 14115-143 Tehran, I.R. IRAN
LEAD_AUTHOR
Gholam
Khayati
2
Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 14115-143 Tehran, I.R. IRAN
AUTHOR
Ebrahim
Vasheghani Farahani
3
Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 14115-143 Tehran, I.R. IRAN
AUTHOR
Nasser
Ghaemi
4
Department of Biotechnology, Science Faculty, Tehran University, Tehran, I.R. IRAN
AUTHOR
[1] Qin, W. and Dai, Y., Research Progress in the Extractive Fermentation Process of Carboxylic Acid, Mod. Chem. Ind., 20(4), 14 (2000).
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[2] MartIk, J., Rosenberg, M., Schlosser, S. and KriStofikovi, C., Toxicity of Organic Solvents used in situ Microbial Fermentation, Biotechnol. Techniques, 9(4), 247 (1995).
2
[3] Wang, Y. and Achenie, L.E.K., Computer Aided Solvent Design for Extractive Fermentation,
3
Fluid Phase Equil., 201, 1 (2002).
4
[4] Cheng, H.C. and Wang, F.S., Trade-Off Optimal Design of a Biocompatible Solvent for an Extractive Fermentation Process, Chem. Eng. Sci., 62, 4316 (2007).
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[5] Shi, Z., Zhang, C., Chen, J. and Mao, Z., Performance Evaluation of Acetone-Butanol Continuous Flash Extractive Fermentation Process, Bioprocess Biosyst. Eng., 27, 175 (2005).
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[6] Groot, W. J., Soedjak, H. S., Donck, P. B., van tier Lans, R.G.J.M., Luyben, K.Ch.A.M. and Timmer, J. M. K., Butanol Recovery from Fermentations by Liquid-Liquid Extraction and Membrane Solvent Extraction, Bioprocess Eng.,5, 203 (1990).
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[8] Ghosh, S. and Swaminathan, T., Optimization of Process Variables for the Extractive Fermentation of 2,3-Butanediol by Klebsiella Oxytoca in Aqueous Two-Phase System using Response Surface Methodology, Chem. Biochem. Eng. Q., 17(4), 319 (2003).
9
[9] Janikowski, T.B., Velicogna, D., Punt, M. and Daugulis, A.J., Use of a Two-Phase Partitioning Bioreactor for Degrading Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons by a Sphingomonas sp., Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 59, 368 (2002).
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[10] Ghanadzadeh Gilani, H., Khayati, G. and Haghi, A.H., Liquid-liquid Equilibria of (Water + 2, 3-Butanediol + 2-ethyl-1-hexanol) at Several Temperatures, Fluid Phase Equilibria, 247, 199 (2006).
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[11] Qin, J., Xiao, Z., Ma, C., Xie, N., Liu, P. and Xu, P., Production of 2, 3-Butanediol by Klebsiella oxytoca using Glucose and Ammonium Phosphate, Chinese J. Chem. Eng. 14(1), 132 (2006).
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[12] Syu, M.J., Biological Production of 2,3-Butanediol, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 55, 10 (2001).
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[13] Yu, E.K.C. and Saddler, J.N., Fed-Batch Approach to Production of 2,3-Butanediol by Klebsiella pneumonia e Grown on High Substrate Concentrations, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 46(3), 630 (1983).
14
[14] Ishizaki, A., Michiwaki, S., Crabbe, F., Kobayashi, G., Sonomoto, K. and Yoshino, S., Extractive Acetone - Butanol - Ethanol Fermentation using Methylated Crude Palm oil as Extractant in Batch Culture of Clostridium Saccharoperbutylacetonicum Nl-4 (ATCC 13564), J. Biosci. Bioeng., 87(3), 352 (1999).
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[15] Porto, T.S., Monyeiro, T.I.R., Moreira, K.A., Lima-Filho, J.L., Silva, M.P.C. and Porto, A.L.F., Liquid-Liquid Extraction of an Extracellular Alkaline Protease from Fermentation Broth using Aqueous Two-Phase and Reversed Micelles Systems, World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 21, 655 (2005).
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[16] Heipieper, H.J., Neumann, G., Cornelissen, S. and Meinhardt, F., Solvent-tolerant Bacteria for Biotransformation in Two-Phase Fermentation Systems, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 74, 961 (2007).
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[17] MacLeod, C.T. and Daugulis, A.J., Biodegradation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in a Two-Phase Partitioning Bioreactor in the Presence of a Bioavailable Solvent, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 62, 291 (2003).
18
[18] Serrano-Carreón, L., Balderas-Ruíz, K., Galindo, E. and Rito-Palomares, M., Production and Biotrans-formation of 6-pentyl-α-pyrone by Trichoderma harzianumin Two-Phase Culture Systems, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol, 58, 170 (2002).
19
[19] Pudge, I.B., Daugulis, A.J. and Dubois, C., The Use of Enterobacter cloacae ATCC 43560 in the Development of a Two-Phase Partitioning Bioreactor for the Destruction of Hexahydro-1,3,5-Trinitro-1,3,5-s-Triazine (RDX), J.Biotechnol., 100, 65 (2003).
20
[20] Aono, R., Tsukagoshi, N. and Miyamoto, T., Evaluation of the Growth Inhibition Strength of Hydrocarbon Solvents Against Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas putida Grown in a Two-Liquid Phase Culture System Consisting of a Medium and Organic Solvent, Extremophiles, 5, 11 (2001).
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[21] Lotter, J., Botes, A.L., Van Dyk, M.S. and Breytenbach, J., Correlation Between the Physico-chemical Properties of Organic Solvents and their Biocompatibility Toward Epoxide Hydrolase Activity in Whole-Cells of a Yeast, Rhodotorula sp., Biotechnol. Letts., 26, 1191 (2004).
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[22] Collins, L.D. and Daugulis, A.J., Benzene/toluene/ p-xylene Degradation, Part I. Solvent Selection and Toluene Degradation in a Two-Phase Partitioning Bioreactor, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 52, 354 (1999).
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[23] Zigova´, J., Sturdı´k, E., Vanda´k, D. and Schlosser, S., Butyric acid Production by Clostridium butyricum with Integrated Extraction and Pertraction, Process Biochem., 34, 835 (1999).
24