ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Synthesis and Seeding Time Effect on the Inter-Crystalline Structure of Hydroxy-Sodalite Zeolite Membranes by Single Gas (H2 and N2) Permeation
Microporous hydroxy-sodalite zeolite membranes with different morphologies were synthesized via secondary growth technique with vacuum seeding on tubular α-Al2O3 supports at two different synthesis conditions (i.e. two different routes). Microstructures of the synthesized membranes were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and single gas permeation using H2 and N2. Also, the effect of seeding time on microstructure and performance of the synthesized hydroxy-sodalite top-layers was investigated at four different levels (60, 120, 180 and 240 s). Permeation test was carried out in order to attain a more exact comparison of both applied routes and seeding times. Microstructure of the synthesized hydroxy-sodalite zeolite membrane layers and the effects of the investigated factors on the elimination of inter-crystalline pores were evaluated by the permeation of single gases (H2 and N2) under different pressure differences at ambient temperature. The permeation results confirmed the high quality of the hydroxy-sodalite zeolite membranes manufactured via the first route at seeding time of 60s for the hydrogen purification under extremely low temperatures (< 200 K) and/or extremely high pressures (> 100 bars).
https://ijcce.ac.ir/article_6734_ed398dd610b8fcbd9052def50aeda26a.pdf
2009-12-01
1
12
10.30492/ijcce.2009.6734
hydrothermal synthesis
Inter-crystalline structure
Hydroxy-sodalite membrane
Single gas permeation
Seeding time
Behroz
Bayati
1
Nanostructure Materials Research Center (NMRC), Sahand University of Technology, P.O. Box 51335-1996 Tabriz, I.R. IRAN
AUTHOR
Ali Akbar
Babaluo
a.babaluo@sut.ac.ir
2
Nanostructure Materials Research Center (NMRC), Sahand University of Technology, P.O. Box 51335-1996 Tabriz, I.R. IRAN
LEAD_AUTHOR
Pejman
Namini
3
Nanostructure Materials Research Center (NMRC), Sahand University of Technology, P.O. Box 51335-1996 Tabriz, I.R. IRAN
AUTHOR
[1] Modirshahla, N. and M. Tabatabaii, S., Removal of Emulsified and Dissolved Traces of Organic Compounds from Industrial Wastewaters Using Natural and Synthesized (NaA and NaM) Zeolites, Iran. J. Chem. & Chem. Eng. (IJCCE), 23 (2004).
1
[2] Sathupunya, M., Gulari, E. and Wonghasemjit, S., ANA and GIS Zeolite Synthesis Directly from Alumatrane and Silatrane by Sol-Gel Process and Microwave Techniques, J. Eur. Ceram. Soc., 22, 2305 (2002).
2
[3] Sathupunya, M., Gulari, E. and Wonghasemjit, S., Na-A (LTA) Zeolite Aynthesis Directly from Alumatrane and Silatrane by Sol-Gel Microwave Techniques, J. Eur. Ceram. Soc., 23, 1293 (2003).
3
[4] Tavolaro, A. and Drioli, E., Zeolite Membrane,
4
Adv. Mater., 11, 975 (1999).
5
[5] Kazemimoghadam, M. and Mohammadi, T., Synthesis of MFI Zeolite Membranes for Water Desalination, Desalination, 206, 547 (2007).
6
[6] Chen, L. and Deem, M.W., Strategies for High Throughput, Templated Zeolite Synthesis, Molec. Phys., 100, 2175 (2002).
7
[7] Xu, X., Yang, W., Liu, J. and Lin, L., Synthesis of NaA Zeolite Membranes from Clear Solution, Micropor. Mesopor. Mater., 43, 299 (2001).
8
[8] Buhl, J. C. and Lons, J., Synthesis and Crystal Structure of Nitrate Enclathrated Sodalite Na 8 [A1SiO4]6 (NO3) 2, J. Alloy. Comp., 41, 235 (1996).
9
[9] Buhl, J.C., Gesing, T.M., Kerkamm, I.and Gurris, C., Synthesis and Crystal Structure of Cyanate Sodalite Na 8 (OCN)2j[Al6Si6O24], Micropor. Mesopor. Mater., 65, 145 (2003).
10
[10] Julbe, A., Motuzas, J., Cazevielle, F., Volle, G. and Guizard, C., Synthesis of Sodalite/α-Al2O3 Composite Membranes by Microwave Heating,Sep. Purif. Technol., 32, 139 (2003).
11
[11] Van Niekerk, A., Zaha, J., Breytenbach, J. C. and Krieg, H. M., Direct Crystallization of a Hydroxyl Sodalite Membrane without Seeding using a Conventional Oven, J. Membr. Sci., 300, 156 (2007).
12
[12] Khajavi, S., Kapteijn, F. and Jansen, J. C., Synthesis of thin Defect-Free Hydroxy Sodalite Membranes: New Candidate for Activated Water Permeation,
13
J. Membr. Sci., 299, 63 (2007).
14
[13] Xu, X., Bao, Y., Song, C., Yang, W., Liu, J. and Lin, L., Microwave-assisted Hydrothermal Synthesis of Hydroxy-Sodalite Zeolite Membrane, Micropor. Mesopor. Mater., 75, 173 (2004).
15
[14] Manna, G.L., Barone, G., Varga, Z.and Duca, D., Theoretical Evaluation of Structures and Energetics Involve in the Hydrogenation of Hydrocarbons on Palladium Surfaces, J. Molec. Struc., 548, 173 (2001).
16
[15] Titus, M. P., Llorens, J., Tejero, J. and Cunill, F., Description of the Pervaporation Dehydration Performance of A-Type Zeolite Membranes: A Modeling Approach Based on the Maxwell-Stefan Theory, Catal. Today, 118, 73 (2006).
17
[16] Huang, A., Lin, Y.S. and Yang, W., Synthesis and Properties of A-Type Zeolite Membranes by Secondary Growth Method with Vacuum Seeding, J. Membr. Sci., 245, 41 (2004).
18
[17] Van den Berg, A.W.C., Bromley, S. T., Wojdel, J. C. and Jansen, J. C., Adsorption Isotherms of H2 in Microporous Materials with the SOD Structure: A Grand Canonical Monte Carlo Study, Micropor. Mesopor. Mater., 87, 235 (2006).
19
[18] Luca, G.D., Pullumbi, P., Barbieri, G., Famà, A.D., Bernardo, P. and Drioli, E., Gusev and Suter Calculation of the Diffusion Coefficients of Light Gases in Silicalite-1 Membrane and Silica-Sodalite Zeolite, Sep. Purif. Technol., 36, 215 (2004).
20
[19] Bayati, B. and Babaluo, A.A., Manufacturing Porous Supports of Ceramic Membranes and Debinding Behavior in Gel-Casting Method, 11th Chemical Engineering Congress, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran, November (2006).
21
[20] Xu, X., Yang, W.and Liu, J., Synthesis and Gas Permeation Properties of an NaA Zeolite Membrane, Chem. Commun., 603 (2000).
22
[21] Uchytil, P. and Broz, Z., Gas Separation in Ceramic MembranesPartI.Theory and Testing of Ceramic Membranes, J. Membr. Sci., 97, 139 (1994).
23
[22] Uchytil, P. and Broz, Z., Gas Separation in Ceramic Membranes Part II. Modeling of Gas Permeation Through Ceramic Membrane with one Supported Layer, J. Membr. Sci., 97, 145 (1994).
24
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Photodegradation of HMX and RDX in the Presence of Nanocatalyst of Zinc Sulfide Doped with Copper
Nanoparticles of zinc sulfide as undoped and doped with copper were used as photocatalyst in the photodegradation of HMX (octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine) and RDX (hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine) as nitramine explosives under UV and Vis irradiations. Photoreactivity of doped zinc sulfide was varied with dopant, mole fraction of dopant to zinc ion, pH of solution, dosage of photocatalyst and concentration of explosive. The characterization of nanoparticles was studied using XRD patterns, UV-Vis spectra and TEM image. The maximum degradation efficiency was obtained in the presence of Zn0.95Cu0.05S as nanophoto-catalyst. The effect of dosage of photocatalyst was studied in the range of 50-200 mg/L. It was seen that 150.0 mg/L of photocatacyst is an optimum value for the dosage of photocatalyst. The most degradation efficiency was obtained in neutral pH of 7.0 with study of photodegradation in pH amplitude of 2-12. In the best conditions, the degradation efficiency of HMX and RDX was obtained 92-94 %. A gradual decrease in the degradation efficiency was observed at the first two cycles.
https://ijcce.ac.ir/article_6792_f9e5ead1dfbb395137ddb21d05c4efd6.pdf
2009-12-01
13
19
10.30492/ijcce.2009.6792
Photodegradation
photocatalyst
Zinc sulfide
RDX
HMX
nanoparticles
Hamid Reza
Pouretedal
hr_pouretedal@mut-es.ac.ir
1
Faculty of Science, Malek-Ashatar University of Technology, Shahin Shahr, I.R. IRAN
LEAD_AUTHOR
Mohammad Hossein
Keshavarz
2
Faculty of Science, Malek-Ashatar University of Technology, Shahin Shahr, I.R. IRAN
AUTHOR
Mohammad Hasan
Yosefi
3
Faculty of Science, Malek-Ashatar University of Technology, Shahin Shahr, I.R. IRAN
AUTHOR
Arash
Shokrollahi
4
Faculty of Science, Malek-Ashatar University of Technology, Shahin Shahr, I.R. IRAN
AUTHOR
Abbas
Zali
5
Faculty of Science, Malek-Ashatar University of Technology, Shahin Shahr, I.R. IRAN
AUTHOR
[1] Heilmann, H.M., Weismann, U. and Stenstrom M.K., Environ. Sci. Technol., 30, 1485 (1996).
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[2] Liu, Z., He, Y., Li, F. and Liu, Y., Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int., 13, 328 (2006).
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[3] Hundal, L.S., Singh, J., Bier, E.L., Shea, S.D., Comfort, S.D. and Powers, W.L., Environ. Pollut., 97, 55 (1997).
3
[4] Burton, D.T., Turley, S.D.and Peters, G.T., Chemosphere, 29, 567 (1994).
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[5] Peters, G.T., Burton, D.T., Paulson, R.L. and Turley, S.D., Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 10, 1073 (1991).
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[6] Etnier, E.L. and Hartley, W.R., Regulatory Toxicol. Pharmacol., 11, 118 (1990).
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[7] Hu, C. and Wang, Y.Z., Chemosphere, 39, 2107 (1999).
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[8] Kiwi, J., Pulgarine, C.M. and Gratzel, P.P., Appl. Catal. B: Environ., 3, 85 (1993).
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[9] Hoffman, M.R., Martin, S.T., Choi, W. and Bahnemann, D.W., Chem. Rev., 95, 69 (1995).
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[10] Aarthi, T., Narahari, P. and Madras, G., J. Hazard. Mater., 149, 725 (2007).
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[11] Kansal, S.K., Singh, M. and Sud, D., J. Hazard. Mater., 141, 581 (2007).
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[12] Liu, Y., Chen, X., Li, J. and Burda, C., Chemosphere, 61, 11 (2005).
12
[13] Kamat, P.V. and Meisel, D., Current Opinion in Colloid & Interface Sci., 7, 282 (2002).
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[14] Yang, P., Lu, M., Xu, D., Yang, D., Chang, J., Zhou, G. and Pan, M., Appl. Phys. A, 74, 257 (2002).
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[15] Warad, H. C., Ghosh, S. C., Hemtanon, B., Thanachayanont, C. and Dutta, J., Sci. and Tech. Advanced Materials, 6, 296 (2005).
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[16] Daneshvar, N., Salari, S. and Khataee, A.R., J. Photochem. Photobiol. A, Chem., 157, 111 (2003).
16
[17] Choi, J.K., Son, H.S., Kim, T.S., Stenstrom, M.K. and Zoh, K.D., Environ. Technol., 27, 21 (2006).
17
[18] Beydoun, D., Amal, R., Low, G. and McEvoy, S., J. Nanoparticle Res., 1, 439 (1999).
18
[19] Barakat, M.A., Schaeffer, H., Hayes, G. and Ismat-Shah, S., Appl. Catal. B: Environmental, 57, 23 (2004).
19
[20] Shah, S.I., Li, W., Huang, C.P., Jung, O. and Ni, C., Colloquium, 99, 6482 (2002).
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[21] Zhang, F.L., Zhao, J.C., Shen, T., Hidaka, H., Pelizzetti, E. and Serpone, N., Appl. Catal. B:Environmental, 15, 147 (1998).
21
[22] Fu, H., Pan, C., Yao, W. and Zhu, Y., Phys. Chem. B, 109, 22432 (2005).
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[23] Stafford, U., Gray, K.A. and Kamat, P.V., J. Catalysis, 167, 25 (1997).
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[24] Goncalves, M.S.T., Oliveria-Campos, A.M.F., Pinto, E.M.M.S., Plasencia, P.M.S. and Queiroz, M.J.R.P., Chemosphere, 39, 781 (1999).
24
[25] Wang, W.Y. and Ku, Y., Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochem. Eng. Aspects, 302, 261 (2007).
25
[26] Wu, C., Liu, X., Wei, D., Fan, J. and Wang, J., Water Research, 35, 3927 (2001).
26
[27] Wang, C.C., Lee, C.K., Lyu, M.D. and Juang, L.C., Dyes and Pigments, 76, 817 (2008).
27
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
A New Methodology for Frequency Estimation of Second or Higher Level Domino Accidents in Chemical and Petrochemical Plants Using Monte Carlo Simulation
Some of the most destructive accidents of 1980s and 90s which occurred in process industries were domino accidents. Although domino accidents are among the most destructive industrial accidents, there are not much pioneering works done on quantification of them. The analytical formulation of the domino accidents is usually complex and need a deep knowledge of probability rules. Even if the case is formulated, errors in calculation such as round-off error, is very probable as the values used all have small quantities and the number of possible scenarios are too high. In this paper, a new methodology based on Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS) technique is proposed for frequency estimation of domino accidents. The applicability and flexibility of this method is evaluated while applying it to estimate domino frequencies in a case study very similar to a real industrial plant. The simulation technique has shown advantages in comparison to analytical probability methods. The major advantage is non-dependency of the accuracy of results to complexity of the system. In addition by using simulation techniques, failure probability can be calculated as a function of time.
https://ijcce.ac.ir/article_6794_4c28d00af75e7f67809923c3c5339657.pdf
2009-12-01
21
28
10.30492/ijcce.2009.6794
Domino accidents
Frequency estimation
Monte Carlo Simulation
Chemical process safety
Bahman
Abdolhamidzadeh
1
Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, I.R. IRAN
AUTHOR
Davood
Rashtchian
rashtchian@sharif.edu
2
Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, I.R. IRAN
LEAD_AUTHOR
Elham
Ashuri
3
Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, I.R. IRAN
AUTHOR
[1] CCPS, “Guidelines for Chemical Process Quantitative Risk Analysis”, 2nd Ed.,AIChE,New York (2000).
1
[2] Lees, F.P., “Loss Prevention in the Process Industries”, 2nd Ed., Butterworths (1996).
2
[3] Cozzani, V. and Salzano, E., Threshold Values for Domino Effects Caused by Blast Wave Interaction with Process Equipment, Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, 17, p. 437 (2004).
3
[4] Khan, F.I. and Abbasi, S.A., DOMIFFECT (DOMIno eFFECT): User-Friendly Software for Domino Effect Analysis, Environmental Modeling & Software, 13, p. 163 (1998).
4
[5] Pietersen, C. M., Analysis of the LPG Disaster in Mexico City, Loss Prevention and Safety Promotion, 5, p. 21 (1986).
5
[6] UNEP APELL - Awareness and Preparedness for Emergencies on a Local Level: www.uneptie.org
6
[7] Bagster, D.F. and Pitblado, R.M., The Estimation of Domino Incident Frequencies - An Approach, Trans. IChemE, 69, Part B (1991).
7
[8] Khan, F.I. and Abbasi, S.A., Models for Domino Effect Analysis in Chemical Process Industries, Process safety Progress, 17 (1998).
8
[9] Cozzani, V., Gubinelli, G., Antonioni, G., Spadoni, G. and Zanelli, S., The Assessment of Risk Caused by Domino Effect in Quantitative Area Risk Analysis, Journal of Hazardous Materials, A127, p. 14 (2005).
9
[10] Rashtchian, D. and Lak, A., Risk Assessment of Ammonia Storage Tanks, NSMSI, 26(4), (2007).
10
[11] Billinton, R. and Allan, R., “Reliability Evaluation of Engineering Systems: Concepts and Techniques”, 2nd Ed., Plenum Press (1992).
11
[12] Vose, D., “Risk Analysis: A Quantitative Guide”, 2nd Ed., John Willey & Sons (2000).
12
[13]U.S.Environmental Protection Agency, “Guiding Principles forMonte CarloAnalysis”, EPA/630/R-97/001 (1997).
13
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Equilibrium and Thermodynamic Studies of Cesium Adsorption on Natural Vermiculite and Optimization of Operation Conditions
Removal of cesium from synthetic aqueous solution through adsorption on vermiculite, under batch equilibrium experimental condition at six initial values of pH (3, 4, 6, 9, 11 and 12) and five temperatures (25, 50, 75, 85 and 95 °C) has been investigated. It is necessary to propose a suitable model for a better understanding of the mechanism of cesium adsorption on vermiculite. For this propose the suitability of the Langmiur, Freundlich and Redlich-Peterson (R-P) adsorption models for equilibrium data were investigated. The parameters in the adopted adsorption isotherm models were determined by Eviews software. The study of equilibrium isotherm shows thatthe best model for analysis of experimental data is Redlich-Peterson model with correlation coefficient higher than 0.99(both for temperature and pH). The results showed that increasing of pH and temperature increased the adsorption ability of vermiculite.Optimum conditions for adsorption were determined as T=75 °C, pH=9, vermiculite dose=1.5 g and contact time of 24 hr. Finally the thermodynamic constants of adsorption phenomena, DH° and DS° were found to be 2.672 kJ/mol and 0.563 kJ/mol K in the range of 25-95 °C respectively. The negative value of the Gibbs free energy DG demonstrates the spontaneous nature of cesium adsorption onto vermiculite.
https://ijcce.ac.ir/article_6796_7bacd26ddf1513c7d63f002dbd52c345.pdf
2009-12-01
29
36
10.30492/ijcce.2009.6796
Adsorption
Vermiculite
Cesium
equilibrium
Noshin
Hadadi
1
School of Chemical Engineering, University College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, I.R. IRAN
AUTHOR
Somaieh
Kananpanah
2
School of Chemical Engineering, University College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, I.R. IRAN
AUTHOR
Hossein
Abolghasemi
hoab@ut.ac.ir
3
School of Chemical Engineering, University College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, I.R. IRAN
LEAD_AUTHOR
[1] Vejsada, J., Hradil, D., Adsorption of Cesium on Czech Smectite-Rich Clays-A Comparative Study, Applied Clay Science, 30, 53 (2005).
1
[2] M.G. da Fonseca, M.M. de Oliveira,Natural Vermiculite as an Exchanger Support for Heavy Cations in Aqueous Solution, J. Colloid and Interface Science, 285, 50 (2005).
2
[3] Poinssot, Ch., Baeyens, B., Experimental and Modelling Studies of Caesium Sorption on Illite, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 63, 3217 (1999).
3
[4] Sikalidis, C. A., Misaelides, P., Caesium Selectivity and Fixation by Vermiculite in the Presence of Various Competing Cations, Environ. Pollut., 52, 67 (1988).
4
[5] Bradbury, M.H., Baeyens, B., A Generalised Sorption Model for the Concentration Dependent Uptake of Caesium by Argillaceous Rocks, J. Contaminant Hydrology, 42, 141 (2000).
5
[6] Brigatti, M.F., Laurora, A., Adsorption of [Al(Urea)6]3+ and [Cr(Urea)6]3+ Complexes in the Vermiculite Interlayer, Applied Clay Science, 30, 21 (2005).
6
[7] Malandrinoa, M., Abollino, O., Adsorption of Heavy Metals on Vermiculite: Influence of pH and Organic Ligands, J. Colloid and Interface Science, 299, 573 (2006).
7
[8] Koning, A., Comans, R. N. J., Reversibility of Radiocaesium Sorption on Illite, GeochimicaetCosmochimicaActa, 68, 2815 (2004).
8
[9] Abate, G., Masini, J. C., Influence of pH, Ionic Strength and Humic Acid on Adsorption of Cd(II) and Pb(II) onto Vermiculite, Colloids and Surfaces A, 262, 33 (2005).
9
[10] Öztop, B. and Shahwan, T., Modification of a Montmorillonite-Illite Clay Using Alkaline Hydrothermal Treatment and its Application for the Removal of Aqueous Cs+ Ions, J. Colloid and Interface Science, 297, 303 (2006).
10
[11] Vejsada, J., Jelínek, E., Sorption of Cesium on Smectite-Rich Clays from the Bohemian Massif (Czech Republic) and their Mixtures with Sand, Applied Radiation and Isotopes, 62, 91 (2005).
11
[12] Mysore, D., Viraraghavan, Th., Treatment of Oily Waters Using Vermiculite, Water Research, 39, 2643 (2005).
12
[13] Panuccio, M.R., Crea, F., Adsorption of Nutrients and Cadmium by Different Minerals: Experimental Studies and Modelling, Journal of Environmental Management, (2007).
13
[14] Jian Liu, B., Qi-Long Ren, Sorption of Levulinic Acid onto Weakly Basic Anion Exchangers: Equilibrium and Kinetic Studies, J. Colloid and Interface Science, 294, 281 (2006).
14
[15] Qiu, N., Guo, S., Study Upon Kinetic Process of Apple Juice Adsorption De-Coloration by Using Adsorbent Resin, J. Food Engineering, 81, 243 (2007).
15
[16] Shafaei, A., Ashtiani, F. Z., Equilibrium Studies of the Sorption of Hg(II) Ions onto Chitosan, Chemical Engineering Journal, 133, 311 (2007).
16
[17] Sinan Bilgili, M., Adsorption of 4-chlorophenol from Aqueous Solutions by xad-4 Resin: Isotherm, Kinetic, and Thermodynamic Analysis, J. Hazardous Materials, 137, 157 (2006).
17
[18] Jian Liu, B., Qi-Long Ren, Sorption of Levulinic Acid onto Weakly Basic Anion Exchangers: Equilibrium and Kinetic Studies, J. Colloid and Interface Science, 294, 281 (2006).
18
[19] Chabani, M., Amrane, A., Kinetic Modelling of the Adsorption of Nitrates by Ion Exchange Resin, Chemical Engineering Journal, 125, 111 (2006).
19
[20] Sanchez-Martim, M. J., Rodriguez-Cruz, M. S., Efficiency of Different Clay Minerals Modified with a Cationic Surfactant in the Adsorption of Pesticides: Influence of Clay Type and Pesticide hydrophobicity, Applied Clay Science, 31, 216 (2006).
20
[21] Jimenez de Haro, M.C., Perez-Rodriguez, J.L., Effect of Ultrasound on Preparation of Porous Materials from Vermiculite, Applied Clay Science, 30, 11 (2005).
21
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
A New Approach for Constructing Pore Network Model of Two Phase Flow in Porous Media
Development of pore network models for real porous media requires a detailed understanding of physical processes occurring on the microscopic scale and a complete description of porous media morphology. In this study, the microstructure of porous media has been represented by three dimensional networks of interconnected pores and throats which are designed by an object oriented approach. Afterwards, the connectivity of the system has been optimized by an optimization algorithm. To validate the methodology, a network of a carbonate sample is constructed. In this model, the geometrical characteristics of the pores and throats, such as their shapes, effective radii and lengths, are selected from the image analysis of SEM picture and statistical distribution methods based on the mercury injection test results. Then the constructed network is further tuned according to laboratory measured porosity, absolute permeability and capillary pressure. Having built a flexible and detailed model, its prediction of relative permeability and saturation variation along a core plug are compared with experimental data for both drainage and imbibition phenomena. This comparison shows good matches for almost all experimentally measured data.
https://ijcce.ac.ir/article_6798_349a0943aa6e4b29b40e13113b77b16c.pdf
2009-12-01
37
49
10.30492/ijcce.2009.6798
Pore structure
Pore network
Drainage
Imbibition data representation
Hojjat
Nowroozi
1
Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, I.R. IRAN
AUTHOR
Ramin
Bozorgmehry Boozarjomehry
brbozorg@sharif.edu
2
Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, I.R. IRAN
LEAD_AUTHOR
Saeid
Jamshidi
jamshidi@sharif.edu
3
Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, I.R. IRAN
AUTHOR
Mahmoud Reza
Pishvaie
pishvaie@sharif.edu
4
Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, I.R. IRAN
AUTHOR
1] Fatt, I., The Network Model of Porous Media, I.Capillary Pressure Characteristics, Trans. AZME, 207, 144 (1956a).
1
[2] Fatt, I., The Network Model of Porous Media, II. Dynamic Properties of a Single Size Tube Network, Trans. AIME, 207, 160 (1956b).
2
[3] Fatt, I., The Network Model of Porous Media, III. Dynamic Properties of Networks with Tube Radius Distribution, Trans. AlME, 207, 164 (1956c).
3
[4] Blunt, M., King, M. J. and Scher, H. Simulation and Theory of Two-Phase Flow in Porous Media, Physical Review A, 46(12), 7680 (1992).
4
[5] Vizika, O., Avraam, D.G. and Payatakes, A.C., On the Role of the Viscosity Ratio During Low-Capillary Number Forced Imbibition in Porous Media, J. Coil. lnt. Sci., 165, 386 (1994).
5
[6] Bryant, S.L., Mellor, D.W., Cade, C.A., Physically Representative Network Models of Transport in Porous Media, AIChE J., 39, 387 (1993).
6
[7] Hughes, R.G., Blunt M.J. Pore Scale Modeling of Rate Effects in Imbibition, Transport in Porous Media, 40, 295 (2000).
7
[8] Blunt, M. J., Constraints on Contact Angles for Multiple Phases in Thermodynamic Equilibrium, Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 239, 281 (2001).
8
[9] Jackson, M. D., Valvatne, P. H. and Blunt, M. J., Prediction of Wettability Variation and its Impact on Flow Using Pore- to Reservoir-Scale Simulations, Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 39, 231 (2003).
9
[10] Kovscek, A.R., Wong, H. and Radke, C.J., A Pore Level Scenario for the Development of Mixed Wettability in Oil Reservoirs, AICHE J., 39, 1072 (1993).
10
[11] Man, H.N. and Jing, X.D., Pore Network Modeling of Electrical Resistivity and Capillary Pressure Characteristics, Advances in Water Resources, 41, 263 (2000).
11
[12] Blunt, M., Effects of Heterogeneity and Wetting on Relative Permeability Using Pore Level Modeling, Society of Petroleum Engineers Journal, 2, 70 (1997).
12
[13] Blunt, M. J., “Flow in Porous Media-Pore-network Models and Multiphase Flow, Current Opinion in Colloid and Interface Science, 6(3), 197 (2001).
13
[14] Valvatne, P. H. and Blunt, M. J., “Predictive Pore-Scale Network Modeling,” SPE844550, Proceedings of the SPE Annual Meeting, Denver, Colorado, 5-8 October (2003).
14
[15] Okabe, H. and Blunt, M. J., Multiple-Point Statistics to Generate Geologically Realistic Pore-Scale Representations, Proceedings of the Society of Core Analysts’ Annual Meeting, SCA2003-A33, 22-25 September, PAU, FRANCE (2003).
15
[16] Vogel, H. J. and Roth, K., A New Approach for Determining Effective Soil Hydraulic Functions, European Journal of Soil Science, 49(4), 547 (1997).
16
[17] Øren, P. and Bakke, S., Process Based Recons-truction of Sandstones and Prediction of Transport Properties, Transport in Porous Media, 46, 311 (2002).
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[19] Nguyen, V.H., Sheppard, A.P., Knackstedt, M.A., Pinczewski, W.V., A Dynamic Network Model for Imbibition, Paper SPE 90365, Presented at eh 2004 SPE International Petroleum Conference in Mexico Held in Puebla, Mexico,8-9 November (2004).
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[20] Piri, M. and Blunt, M. J., “Pore-Scale Modeling of Three-Phase Flow in Mixed-Wet systems,” SPE 77726, Proceedings of the SPE Annual Meeting, San Antonio, Texas, 29 September-2 October (2002).
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[21] Lopez, X. P., Valvatne, P. H. and Blunt, M. J., Predictive Network Modeling of Single-Phase Non-Newtonian Flow in Porous Media, Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 264(1), 256 (2003).
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[23] Dixit, AB., McDougall, SR., Sorbie, KS., A Pore-Level Investigation of Relative-Permeability Hysteresis in Water-Wet Systems, SPE J, 3,115 (1998).
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[24] Lowry, MI, Miller, CT, Pore-Scale Modeling of Nonwetting-Phase Residual in Porous Media, Water Resources Res., 31(3), 455 (1995).
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[25] Adler, P.M., Jacquin, C.G, Thovert, J.F., The Formation Factor of Reconstructed Porous Media, Water Resources Res., 28, 15716 (1992).
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[26] Blunt, M.J., Jackson, M.D, Piri, M., Valvatne, P.H. Detailed Physics, Predictive Capabilities and Macroscopic Consequences for Pore-network Models of Multi-phase Flow Advances in Water Resources, 25, 1069 (2002).
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[27] Blunt, M.J, Effects of Heterogeneity and Wetting on Relative Permeability using Pore Level Modeling, SPE J., 2, 70 (1997).
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[28] Schwarz, B. C. E., Devinny, J. S. and Tsotsis, T. T., A Biofilter Network Model Importance of the Pore Structure and Other Large-Scale Heterogeneities, Chemical Engineering Science, 56(2), 475 (2001).
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16, 3365 (1983).
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[42] Mogensen, K. and Stenby, E.H. A Dynamic Pore-Scale Model of Imbibition, Paper SPE 39658, Presented at the 1998 SPE/DOE Improved Oil Recovery Symposium, Tulsa, Oklahoma, 19-22 April (1998).
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[44] Blair, P, M, Calculation of Oil Displacement by Countercurrent Water Imbibition, Sot. Pet. Eng. J., 195 (1964).
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[46] Lenormand, R. Marconi, C., “Role of Roughness and Edges During Imbibition in Square Capillaries," Paper SPE 13264 in Proceedings of the 59th SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition,Houston,TX, September (1984).
47
[47] Pickell, J.J., Swanson, B.F. and Hickmann, W.B. Application of Air-Mercury and Oil-Air Capillary Pressure Data in the Study of Pore Structure and Fluid Distribution, SPE J., 6, 55 (1966).
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[48] Roof, J.G., Snap-Off of Oil Droplets in Water-Wet Pores, Society Petroleum Engineering Journal, 10, 85 (1970).
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[49] Oak, M.J., Three-Phase Relative Permeability of Water-WetBerea, Paper SPE 20183, Proceedings of the SPE.
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[50] Effects of Spatially Heterogeneous Porosity on Matrix Diffusion as Investigated by X-ray Absorption Imaging, J. Contam. Hydrol., 42, 285 (…….).
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[51] Lenormand, R., “Pattern Growth and Fluid Displacements through Porous Media”, Physical, A, 140, 114 (1986).
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[52] Hilbert, M. and Miller, C.T.: Pore-morphology-Based Simulation of Drainage in TotallyWetting Porous Media, Advances in Water Resources, 24, 243 (2001).
53
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Experimental Study and Modeling of Supercritical Extraction of Nicotine from Tabacco Leaves
In this work, the solubility of nicotine extracted from tobacco leaves, found in the north of Iran, in supercritical carbon dioxide has been measured. Also the effects of pressure, temperature, extraction dynamic time, and the organic co-Solvent on the amount of nicotine extracted from tobacco leaves have been investigated. It should be stressed that in order to reduce significantly the number of experiments, the experiments have been specified based on the Taguchi experimental design. The results obtained from the experiments showed that at the specified pressure, temperature, volume of modifier and dynamic time, the maximum amount of nicotine can be extracted. The experimental data collected in this research has been correlated using the Redlich-Kwong (R.K) equation of state. The results showed that the conventional cubic R.K equation of state can accurately correlate the experimental solubility data with good accuracy.
https://ijcce.ac.ir/article_6823_31ffd99b2eee9bb3571ad9188e580e72.pdf
2009-12-01
51
59
10.30492/ijcce.2009.6823
Supercritical extraction
Nicotine
Tobacco leaves
Equation of state
RK
Narjes Sadat
Karbalaie
1
Department of Chemical Engineering, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, I.R. IRAN
AUTHOR
Crrus
Ghotbi
ghotbi@sharif.edu
2
Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, I.R. IRAN
LEAD_AUTHOR
Vaid
Taghikhani
3
Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, I.R. IRAN
AUTHOR
Yadollah
Yamini
yyamini@modares.ac.ir
4
Department of Chemistry, Tarbiat Modarres University, Tehran, I.R. IRAN
AUTHOR
[1] Pillotti, A., Acta Physiol. Scand.Suppl., 47, 13 (1980).
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[2] Pankow, J.F., Mader , B.T., Isabelle , L. M., Andrea Pavlic, W. L. and Ling, C., Environ. Sci. Technol., 31, 2428 (1997).
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[3] Okamoto, M., Kita, T., Okuda, H., Tanakan, T. and Nakashima, T., Pharmacol .Toxicol.,75(1), 1 (1994).
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[4] Kim, I., Darwin, W. D. and Huestis, M. A., J. Chromatography B., 814 (2), 233 (2005).
4
[5] Meger, M., Merger-Kossien, I., Schuler-Metz, A. Janket, D. and Scherer, G., Journal of Chromatography B., 778 (1-2), 251 (2002).
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[6] Nin Man, Che, et al., Journal of Chromatography B, doi:10.1016/j.j chrom. b.2006.07.026 (2006).
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[7] Shepard, H.H., “The Chemistry and Action of Insecticides”, Mc Graw Hill:New York,NY, (1951).
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[8] Wanger, F.F. and Comins, D.L., Tetrahedron, 63, 8065 (2007).
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[9] Mauin, R.F., Burns, D.J., Keller , I.K., Koehn , K.K., Johnson, M.J. and Gary, S.L., Chem. Educator, 4, 183 (1999).
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[10] Hawthornes, S. B., Miller, D. J., Burford, M. D., Langenfeld, J. J., Eckert-Tilotta and S. Louie, P. K., J. Chromatogr. Sci., 642, p. 301 (1993).
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[12] Fischer, M. and Jefferies, T. M., J. Agric. Food Chem., 44, p. 1258 (1996).
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[13] Rincon, J. and De Lucas, A., Garcia, M. A. and Aluarez, A. and Carnicer, A., Sep. Sci. and Tech., 33 (3), p. 411 (1998).
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[14] Stahl, E., Qurini, K. W. and Gerard, D., “Dense Gases for Extraction and Refining”,Springer-Verlag, Berlin, (1987).
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[16] Saunders, J. A., Blume, D. E., J. Chromatogr., 205, p. 147 (1981).
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[17] Severson, R. F., Mc Duffine, K. L., Arrendale, R. F., Gwynn, G. R., Chaplin, J. F., Johnson, A. W., J. Chromatogr., 211, p. 111 (1981).
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[18] Sudan, B. J. L., Brouillard, C., Strehler, C. Strub, H., Sterboul, J., Stain-Laudy, J., J. Chromatogr., 288,
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p. 415 (1984).
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[19] Hawthorne, S. B., Anal. Chem., 62, 633A (1990).
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[20] Reinoso, B. D., Moure, A., Dominguez, H. and Parajd, J.C., J. Agric. Food Chem., p. 2441 (2006).
21
[21] Hubert, P. and Vitzthum, O. G., Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl., 17, p. 710 (1978).
22
[22] Roselius, W., Vitzthum, O., Hubert, P.,U. S.Patent 4,153,063, (1979).
23
[23] Sharma, A. K., Prokopczyk, B. and Hoffman, D., J. Agric. Food Chem., 39, p. 508 (1991).
24
[24] van der Waals, J.D., Ph. D. Thesis, Lei den, The Netherlands, (1873).
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[25] Redlich, O., Kwong, J.N.S., Chem. Rev., 44, 233 (1949).
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[26] Sova, G., Chem. Eng. Sci., 27, 1197 (1972).
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[27] Peng, D.Y., Robinson, D. B., Ind. Eng. Chem. Fundam., 15, p. 59 (1976).
28
[28] Mc Quarrie, D.A., "Statistical Mechanics",Hatper&Row,New York, (1976).
29
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
A Method for Pre-Calibration of DI Diesel Engine Emissions and Performance Using Neural Network and Multi-Objective Genetic Algorithm
Diesel engine emission standards are being more stringent as it gains more publicity in industry and transportation. Hence, designers have to suggest new controlling strategies which result in small amounts of emissions and a reasonable fuel economy. To achieve such a target, multi-objective optimization methodology is a good approach inasmuch as several types of objective are minimized or maximized simultaneously. In this paper, this technique is implemented on a closed cycle two-zone combustion model of a DI (direct injection) diesel engine. The main outputs of this model are the quantity of NOx, soot (which are the two main emissions in diesel engines) and engine performance. The optimization goal is to minimize NOx and soot while maximizing engine performance. Fuel injection parameters are selected as design variables. A neural network model of the engine is developed as an alternative for the complicated and time-consuming combustion model in a wide range of engine operation. Finally design variables are optimized using an evolutionary genetic algorithm, called NSGA-II.
https://ijcce.ac.ir/article_6828_1f6ce7b49efe9c8d5d808827a90e4b0b.pdf
2009-12-01
61
70
10.30492/ijcce.2009.6828
Diesel engine
Emission
Multi-Objective
Neural network
NSGA-II
Performance
Ehsan
Samadani
1
Department of Mechanical Engineering, K.N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, I.R. IRAN
AUTHOR
Amir Hossein
Shamekhi
2
Department of Mechanical Engineering, K.N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, I.R. IRAN
LEAD_AUTHOR
Mohammad Hassan
Behroozi
3
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, I.R. IRAN
AUTHOR
Reza
Chini
4
Department of Mechanical Engineering, K.N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, I.R. IRAN
AUTHOR
[1] Jankovic, A., Valery, W. and Davis, E., Cement Grinding Optimisation, Minerals Engineering,
1
17, p. 1075 (2004).
2
[2] Farzanegan, A., Laplante, A.R. and Lowther, D.A., A Knowledge-based System for an Off-Line Optimization of Ball Milling Circuits, Proceedings of 29th CMP Conference, Ottawa, 165-185 (1997).
3
[3] Farzanegan, A., Knowledge-Based Optimization of Mineral Grinding Circuits, Ph.D. Thesis, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (1998).
4
[4] Irannajad, M., Farzanegan, A. and Razavian, S.M., Spreadsheet-based Simulation of Closed Ball Milling Circuits, Minerals Engineering, 19, 1495 (2006).
5
[5] Zhang, Y.M., Napier-Munn, T.J. and Kavetsky, A., Application of Comminution and Classification Modelling to Grinding of Cement Clinker, Trans. Inst. Min. Metall., Sect. C, 97, p. 207 (1988).
6
[6] Benzer, H., Ergün, L., Öner, M. and Lynch, A.J., Simulation of Open Circuit Clinker Grinding. Minerals Engineering, 14 (7), p. 701 (2001a).
7
[7] Benzer, H., Ergün L., Lynch, A.J., Öner, M., Günlü, A., Çelik, I.B. and Aydoğan, N., Modeling Cement Grinding Circuits, Minerals Enginering, 14 (11), p. 1469 (2001b).
8
[8] Benzer, H., Modeling and Simulation of a Fully Air Swept Ball Mill in a Raw Material Grinding Circuit, Power Technology, 150, p. 145 (2004).
9
[9] Yadegar, Sh. and Pishvai, M.R., Mixed Qualitative / Quantitative Dynamic Simulation of Processing Systems, Iranian Journal of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, 24, p. 53 (2005).
10
[10] Kolacz, J., Investigating Flow Conditions in Dynamic Air Classification, Minerals Engineering, 15, p. 131 (2002).
11
[11] Karunakumari, L. et al., Experimental and Numerical Study of a Rotating Wheel Air Classifier, AIChE Journal, 5, p. 776 (2005).
12
[12] Griffiths W. and Boysan, F., Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) and Empirical Modelling of the Performance of a Number of Cyclone Separators, Journal of Aerosol Science, 27, p. 281 (1996).
13
[13] Wang, Q., Melaaen, M.C. and De Silva, S.R., Investigation and Simulation of a Cross-Flow Air Classifier, Powder Technology, 22, p. 273 (2001).
14
[14] Bakker, A., Haidari, A.H. and Oshinowo, L.M., Realize Greater Benefits from CFD, AIChE Journal, 47, p. 45 (2001).
15
[15] Gorji et al., CFD Modeling of Gas - Liquid Hydrodynamics in a Stirred Tank Reactor, Iranian Journal of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, 42, p. 85 (2007).
16
[16] Nageswararao, K., Wiseman, D.M. and Napier-Munn, T.J., Two Empirical Hydrocyclone Models Revisited, Minerals Engineering,17, p. 671 (2004).
17
[17] Napier-Munn, T.J., Morrell, S., Morrison, R.D. and Kojovic, T., “Mineral Comminution Circuits:
18
Their Operation and Optimization”, JKMRC, The University of Queensland (1999).
19
[18] Plitt, L.R., The Analysis of Solid-Solid Separations in Classifiers, CIM Bulletin, 64, p. 42 (1971).
20
[19] Finch, J.A., Modelling a Fish-Hook in Hydrocyclone Selectivity Curves, Powder Technology, 36, p. 128 (1983).
21
[20] Del Villar, R. and Finch, J.A., Modelling the Cyclone Performance with a Size Dependent Entrainment Factor, Minerals Engineering, 5 (6), p. 661 (1992).
22
[21] Frachon, M. and Cilliers, J. J., A General Model for Hydrocyclone Partition Curves, Chemical Engineering Journal, 73, p. 53 (1999).
23
[22] Nageswararao K., A Critical Analysis of the Fish-Hook Effect in Hydrocyclone Classifiers, Chemicals Engineering Journal, 80, p. 251 (2000).
24
[23] Majumder, A.K., Shah, H., Shukla, P. and Barnwal, J.P., Effect of Operating Variables on Shape
25
of “Fish-Hook” Curves in Cyclones, Minerals Engineering, 20, p. 204 (2007).
26
[24] Majumder, A.K., Yerriswamy, P. and Barnwal, J.P., The “Fish-Hook” Phenomenon in Centrifugal Separation of Fine Particles, Minerals Engineering, 16, p. 1005 (2003).
27
[25] Shah, H., Majumder, A.K., Barnwal, J.P. and Shukla, P., “New Understanding on “Fish-Hook” Effect in Hydrocyclone”, Proceedings of MPT 2007, pp. 425-428 (2007).
28
[26] Lynch et al., Simulation of Closed Circuit Clinker Grinding, Zement Kalk Gibs (English Translation), 53, p. 560 (2001)
29
[27] Spring, R., NORBAL 3: Software for Material Balance Reconciliation, Center de Recherché Noranda, Point-Claire, Quebec (1992).
30
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Computer Simulation of Particle Size Classification in Air Separators
Cement powder size classification efficiency significantly affects quality of final product and extent of energy consumption in clinker grinding circuits. Static and dynamic or high efficiency air separators are being used widely in closed circuit with multi-compartment tube ball mills, High Pressure Grinding Rolls (HPGR) and more recently Vertical Roller Mills (VRM) units in cement plants to classify comminuted clinker particles at finish grinding stage. Therefore, simulation of air separators is of critical importance in order to provide tools that can assist cement plants engineers in their routine clinker grinding circuit optimization efforts. In this paper, Air Separator Simulator (ASSIM), a newly developed simulator implemented in VB™ which provides a user-friendly process analysis and optimization environment will be introduced. First, a review of mathematical modeling of cyclone separators is presented. Then, the details of ASSIM and the results of its testing using industrial data from J. K. White Cement Works plant will be discussed. The simulator is mainly based on the Whiten function to model air separators and predicts fine and coarse output streams particle size distributions and flow rates. ASSIM performance was verified and validated by comparing its outputs with measured data collected around an operating air separator. Preliminary software tests indicate the accuracy and precision of the developed code in predicting various properties of output streams as sum of least squares between predicted results and actual data is less than 0.01.
https://ijcce.ac.ir/article_6829_395898330463dee89d74fd8151081b51.pdf
2009-12-01
71
78
10.30492/ijcce.2009.6829
Air separators
Cement size classification
Classification simulation
Air separators modeling
ASSIM
Mahdi
Irannajad
iranajad@aut.ac.ir
1
Faculty of Mining, Metallurgical and Petroleum Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, P.O.Box 1591634311, Tehran, I.R. IRAN
LEAD_AUTHOR
Samira
Rashidi
2
Faculty of Mining, Metallurgical and Petroleum Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, P.O.Box 1591634311, Tehran, I.R. IRAN
AUTHOR
Akbar
Farzanegan
3
Department of Mining, Faculty of Engineering, University of Kashan, P.O.Box 8731751167, Kashan, I.R. IRAN
AUTHOR
[1] Jankovic, A., Valery, W. and Davis, E., Cement Grinding Optimisation, Minerals Engineering, 17, p. 1075 (2004).
1
[2] Farzanegan, A., Laplante, A.R. and Lowther, D.A., A Knowledge-based System for an Off-Line Optimization of Ball Milling Circuits, Proceedings of 29th CMP Conference, Ottawa, 165-185 (1997).
2
[3] Farzanegan, A., Knowledge-Based Optimization of Mineral Grinding Circuits, Ph.D. Thesis, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (1998).
3
[4] Irannajad, M., Farzanegan, A. and Razavian, S.M., Spreadsheet-based Simulation of Closed Ball Milling Circuits, Minerals Engineering, 19, 1495 (2006).
4
[5] Zhang, Y.M., Napier-Munn, T.J. and Kavetsky, A., Application of Comminution and Classification Modelling to Grinding of Cement Clinker,
5
Trans. Inst. Min. Metall., Sect. C, 97, p. 207 (1988).
6
[6] Benzer, H., Ergün, L., Öner, M. and Lynch, A.J., Simulation of Open Circuit Clinker Grinding. Minerals Engineering, 14 (7), p. 701 (2001a).
7
[7] Benzer, H., Ergün L., Lynch, A.J., Öner, M., Günlü, A., Çelik, I.B. and Aydoğan, N., Modeling Cement Grinding Circuits, Minerals Enginering, 14 (11), p. 1469 (2001b).
8
[8] Benzer, H., Modeling and Simulation of a Fully Air Swept Ball Mill in a Raw Material Grinding Circuit, Power Technology, 150, p. 145 (2004).
9
[9] Yadegar, Sh. and Pishvai, M.R., Mixed Qualitative / Quantitative Dynamic Simulation of Processing Systems, Iranian Journal of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, 24, p. 53 (2005).
10
[10] Kolacz, J., Investigating Flow Conditions in Dynamic Air Classification, Minerals Engineering, 15, p. 131 (2002).
11
[11] Karunakumari, L. et al., Experimental and Numerical Study of a Rotating Wheel Air Classifier, AIChE Journal, 5, p. 776 (2005).
12
[12] Griffiths W. and Boysan, F., Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) and Empirical Modelling of the Performance of a Number of Cyclone Separators, Journal of Aerosol Science, 27, p. 281 (1996).
13
[13] Wang, Q., Melaaen, M.C. and De Silva, S.R., Investigation and Simulation of a Cross-Flow Air Classifier, Powder Technology, 22, p. 273 (2001).
14
[14] Bakker, A., Haidari, A.H. and Oshinowo, L.M., Realize Greater Benefits from CFD, AIChE Journal, 47, p. 45 (2001).
15
[15] Gorji et al., CFD Modeling of Gas - Liquid Hydrodynamics in a Stirred Tank Reactor, Iranian Journal of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, 42, p. 85 (2007).
16
[16] Nageswararao, K., Wiseman, D.M. and Napier-Munn, T.J., Two Empirical Hydrocyclone Models Revisited, Minerals Engineering,17, p. 671 (2004).
17
[17] Napier-Munn, T.J., Morrell, S., Morrison, R.D. and Kojovic, T., “Mineral Comminution Circuits:
18
Their Operation and Optimization”, JKMRC, The University of Queensland (1999).
19
[18] Plitt, L.R., The Analysis of Solid-Solid Separations in Classifiers, CIM Bulletin, 64, p. 42 (1971).
20
[19] Finch, J.A., Modelling a Fish-Hook in Hydrocyclone Selectivity Curves, Powder Technology, 36, p. 128 (1983).
21
[20] Del Villar, R. and Finch, J.A., Modelling the Cyclone Performance with a Size Dependent Entrainment Factor, Minerals Engineering, 5 (6), p. 661 (1992).
22
[21] Frachon, M. and Cilliers, J. J., A General Model for Hydrocyclone Partition Curves, Chemical Engineering Journal, 73, p. 53 (1999).
23
[22] Nageswararao K., A Critical Analysis of the Fish-Hook Effect in Hydrocyclone Classifiers, Chemicals Engineering Journal, 80, p. 251 (2000).
24
[23] Majumder, A.K., Shah, H., Shukla, P. and Barnwal, J.P., Effect of Operating Variables on Shape
25
of “Fish-Hook” Curves in Cyclones, Minerals Engineering, 20, p. 204 (2007).
26
[24] Majumder, A.K., Yerriswamy, P. and Barnwal, J.P., The “Fish-Hook” Phenomenon in Centrifugal Separation of Fine Particles, Minerals Engineering, 16, p. 1005 (2003).
27
[25] Shah, H., Majumder, A.K., Barnwal, J.P. and Shukla, P., “New Understanding on “Fish-Hook” Effect in Hydrocyclone”, Proceedings of MPT 2007, pp. 425-428 (2007).
28
[26] Lynch et al., Simulation of Closed Circuit Clinker Grinding, Zement Kalk Gibs (English Translation), 53, p. 560 (2001)
29
[27] Spring, R., NORBAL 3: Software for Material Balance Reconciliation, Center de Recherché Noranda, Point-Claire, Quebec (1992).
30
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Chemical Regeneration of Exhausted Granular Activated Carbon Used in Citric Acid Fermentation Solution Decoloration
An improved chemical regeneration of the granular activated carbon (GAC) exhausted by the color (pigments and pollutants) from citric acid fermentation solution (CAF) was investigated. In the experiments, improved means were adopted to advance the traditional chemical regenerating method and the adsorption capacity of the first time renewed GAC is 103% of original GAC. Using oxidant and surfactant in addition to just using NaOH solution can recover 10 % more adsorption capacity of renewed GAC. The adding dosage of oxidant is good at 3 % of exhausted GAC weight; that of surfactant is good at 0.1 %. Hot water as cheap reagent was found to be much helpful to the regeneration efficiency. Comparing with steam regeneration high regeneration yield (>95 %) of this method was an attractive economic factor. The result of this investigation can offer an advanced chemical regeneration method to regenerate exhausted GAC from citric acid refine industry.
https://ijcce.ac.ir/article_6831_3aa53993a7c78a29b8c8b2da7a502465.pdf
2009-12-01
79
83
10.30492/ijcce.2009.6831
Chemical regeneration
Granular activated carbon
Decoloration
Citric acid fermentation
Kang
Sun
1
Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, CAF, Nanjing 210042, CHINA
AUTHOR
Jian-chun
Jiang
jacky.sunkang@hotmail.com
2
Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, CAF, Nanjing 210042, CHINA
LEAD_AUTHOR
Xu
Jun-ming
3
Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, CAF, Nanjing 210042, CHINA
AUTHOR
[1] Tsai, WT., Chang, CY., Lee, SL., Preparation and Characterization of Activated Carbons from Corn Cob., Carbon, 35, 1198 (1997).
1
[2] Yanping Guo, David, A. Rockstraw, Activated Carbons Prepared from Rice Hull by One-Step Phosphoric Acid Activated, Microporous and Mesoporos Materials, 100, 112 (2007).
2
[3] Jun’ichi Hayshi, Toshihide Horikawa, Isao Takeda, Katsuhiko Muroyama, Fard Nasir Ani, Preparing Activated Carbon from Various Nutshells by Chemical Activation with K2CO3, Carbon, 40, 2381 (2002).
3
[4] Haykiri-Acma, H., Yaman S., Kucuk Bayrak, S., Gasification of Biomass Char in Steam-Nitrogen Mixture, Energy Conversion and Management, 47, 1004 (2006).
4
[5] Ahmedna, M., Marshall, WE., Rao, RM., Production of Granular Activated Carbons from Select Agricultural By-Products and Evaluation of their Physical, Chemical and Adsorption Properties, Bioresource Technol, 71, 113 (2000).
5
[6] Zhang, T.Y., Walawender, W.P., Fan, L.T. (Eds.), Preparation of Activated Carbon from Forest and Agricultural Residues through CO2 Activation, Chem. Eng. J., 105, 53 (2004).
6
[7] Yang, T., Lua, A.C., Characteristics of Activated Carbons Prepared from Pistachio-Nut Shells by Physical Activation, J. Colloid Interf. Sci., 267, 408 (2003).
7
[8] Wang, Z.G., Jiang, J.C. (Eds.), Study on the Technology of Manufacturing Granular Activated Carbon from Sawdust for Decolorization of Liquid, Chemistry and Industry of Forest Products, 25, 39 (2005).
8
[9] Oin, Y.C., Wang, H.T., Zhu, H.Z., Regeneration Methods of Activated Carbon, Carbon Techniques, 117, 29 (2001).
9
[10] Liu, S.X., Wang, Y., Zhang, W.C., Progress in Activated Carbon Regeneration, Carbon Techniques, 29, 61 (2001).
10
[11] Martin, R.J., Ng, W.J., Chemical Regeneration of Exhausted Activated Carbon-I, Water Res., 18, 59 (1984).
11
[12] Guymont, F. J., The Effect of Capital and Operating Costs on GAC Adsorption System Design, Activated Carbon Adsorption of Organics from the Aqueous Phase[C], McGuire M J., et al. Annabor Science, Ann Abrbor, MI, (1980).
12
[13] Kang Sun, Study on Liquid-Phase Adsorption Behavior and Chemical Regeneration Mechanism of GAC [D], Nanjing: Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, CAF, 39, (2006).
13
[14] Niu, J.N., Influence of Time and T emperature During Thermal Regeneration, China Water and Wastewater, 10, 40 (1994).
14
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
On-Line Measurement of Dissolved Methane Concentration During Methane Fermentation in a Loop Bioreactor
A dissolved methane sensor based on silicone tube was designed, constructed and optimized.The silicone tube diameter, silicone tube length and helium flow rate (as the carrier gas(were considered as process parameters to be optimized.A continuous stream of helium (50 mL/min) was directed through the tubing, sweeping out the dissolved methane which diffused through the walls of the tubing from the fermentation broth. The probe was made of silicone rubber tubing, 10 cm in length with inner and outer diameters of 0.25 cm and 0.35 cm, respectively (Detakta Company; NO. 02502). A semi-conductor methane gas sensor (Figaro TGS 2611) - which is highly sensitive and selective to methane gas - was used to measure the dissolved methane continuously. Henry’s law along with a special circuit experimental method was applied for calibration. The output concentration was displayed in mg/l (or ppm) of dissolved gas. The accuracy and response time of this system are ± 2 % and 2 minutes, respectively. Moreover, a control system was installed for recycling methane gas during fermentation
https://ijcce.ac.ir/article_6832_06dd0cd2c5055443ba702bf75cb4acdb.pdf
2009-12-01
85
93
10.30492/ijcce.2009.6832
Dissolved methane
Semi-conductor sensor
On-line measurement
Loop bioreactor
Calibration
Fatemeh
Yazdian
1
Biotechnology Group, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 14115-143 Tehran, I.R. IRAN
AUTHOR
Seyed Abbas
Shojaosadati
shoja_sa@modares.ac.ir
2
Biotechnology Group, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 14115-143 Tehran, I.R. IRAN
LEAD_AUTHOR
Mohsen
Nosrati
mnosrati20@modares.ac.ir
3
Biotechnology Group, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 14115-143 Tehran, I.R. IRAN
AUTHOR
Mahdi
Pesaran Hajiabbas
4
Biotechnology Group, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 14115-143 Tehran, I.R. IRAN
AUTHOR
Khosro
Malek Khosravi
5
Biotechnology Group, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 14115-143 Tehran, I.R. IRAN
AUTHOR
[1] Coty, V. F., A Critical Review of the Methane Utilization of Methane, Biotechnol. Bioeng., Symposium, 1, 105 (1969).
1
[2] Kosaric, N. and Zajic, J. E., Microbial Oxidation of Methane and Methanol, Adv. Biochem. Eng., 3, 89 (1974).
2
[3] Trotsenko, Y. A., Metabolic Features of Methane-Methanol-Utilizing Bacteria, Acta Biotechnological, 3, 269 (1983).
3
[4] Hanson, R. S. and Hanson, T. E., Methanotrophic Bacteria, Microbiol. Rev., 60, 439 (1996).
4
[5] Shafiee, P., Shojaosadati, S.A.and Chakhabi A.H., Biodegradation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydro-carbons by Aerobic Mixed Bacterial Culture Isolated from Hydrocarbon Polluted Soils, Iranian J. Chem. Chem. Eng., 25, 73 (2006).
5
[6] Yazdian, F., Hajizadeh, S., Shojaosadati, S. A., Khalilzadeh, R., Jahanshahi, M. and Nosrati, M., Production of Single Cell Protein from Natural Gas: Parameter Optimization and RNA Evaluation, Iran. J. Biotech., 3, 235 (2005).
6
[7] Beland, M., Sterilisable Probe for Extraction of Volatile Compounds in Liquids and Their Quantitative Determination, W.O. 03/069314 A1 (2002).
7
[8] Phillips, Donalhd H. and Johns, Marvin VIN J., Measurement of Dissolved Oxygen in Fermentations, J. Biochem. Microbiol Technol. Eng., III, p. 261 (1961).
8
[9] Sheehan, Brain T. and Johnson, Marvin, J., Production of Bacterial Cells from Methane, Appl. Microbiol., 21, 511 (1971).
9
[10] Béland, M., Bourque, D., Perrier M. and Miguez, C. B., On-Line Estimation of Stoichiometric Growth Parameters for Methylobacterium extorquens, Computer Applications in Biotechnology (2004). Elsevier, March (2005).
10
[11] Yinghao, Y., Ramsay, Juliana A. and Ramsay, Bruce A., On-Line Estimation of Dissolved Methane Concentration During Methanotrophic Fermen-tations, Biotech. Bioeng., 95, 788 (2006).
11
[12] Jordan, S. M. and Koros, W. J., Permeability of Pure and Mixed Gases in Silicone Rubber at Elevated Pressures, J. Poly. Sci., B: Poly. Phys., 28, 795 (1990).
12
[13] Crank, J., “The Mathematics of Diffusion”, 2nd Ed., Clarendon Press, Oxford, (1975).
13
[14] www.gatewaycoalition.org/ files/ Hidden/ sensr/ ch2/2_2_2f.htm - 1k.
14
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Investigation of the Excess Sludge Reduction in SBR by Oxidizing Some Sludge by Ozone
The excessive biological sludge production is one of the disadvantages of aerobic process such as SBR. So the problem of excess sludge production along with its treatment , and disposal in aerobic processes in municipal and industrial waste water can be seen in many parts of the world even in our country . to solve the problem of excess sludge production , reducing in by oxidizing some of the sludge by Ozone is a suitable idea , thus reducing the biomass coefficient as well as the sewage sludge disposal. In this study, Two SBR reactors with of 20 liter being controlled by on-line system are used. After providing the steady state in the reactors, along the 8 month research sampling and testing parameters such as COD, MLSS, MLVSS, DO, SOUR, SVI, residual ozone and Yield coefficient were done. The results showed that during the solid retention time of 10 days the kinetic coefficient of Y and Kd was 0.58 (mg Biomass / mg COD) and 0.058 (1/day) respectively. At the next stage of research, different concentrations of ozone in one liter of the returned sludge to reactor were used to reduced the excess biological sludge production. The results showed that the 20 mg ozone per gram of MLSS in one liter of the returned sludge to reactor is able to reduce Yield coefficient from 0.58 to 0. 28 (mg Biomass/mg COD),In other words, the biological excess sludge by 52 % .but the soluble COD increased slightly in the effluent and the removal percentage decreased from 92 in blank reactor to 64 in test reactor. While the amount of SVI and SOUR in this consumed ozone concentration reduced 9 mgO2/h.gVSS and 20 ml/g respectively. No sludge was seen in the 25 mg ozone concentration per gram of MLSS in one liter of the returned sludge to reactor.
https://ijcce.ac.ir/article_6838_b135039b1c5e1ac3c698ff99b04aeea6.pdf
2009-12-01
95
104
10.30492/ijcce.2009.6838
reactor
sludge reduction
Ozone
Oxidation of sludge
Yield coefficient
Afshin
Takdastan
afshin_ir@yahoo.com
1
Department of Environmental Health, Ahvaz Jondishapoor University, Ahvaz, I.R. IRAN
LEAD_AUTHOR
Naser
Mehrdadi
2
Department of Environmental Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, I.R. IRAN
AUTHOR
Ali Akbar
Azimi
3
Department of Environmental Engineering, Islami Azad University, Ahar Branch , I.R. IRAN
AUTHOR
Ali
Torabian
4
Department of Environmental Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, I.R. IRAN
AUTHOR
Gholamreza
Nabi Bidhendi
5
Department of Environmental Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, I.R. IRAN
AUTHOR
[1] Metcalf and Eddy, “Wastewater Eng. Treatment”, Disposal and Reuse, NewYork, USA. McGraw Hill, Chapter 11(2003).
1
[2] Bitton, G., “Wastewater Microbiology”, New York, Willey-Liss, Chapter 9 ( 2002).
2
[3] Canales, A., Pareilleux, A., Rols, J.,. Decreased Sludge Production Strategy for Domestic Waste Water Treatment, Water Sci., 30, 106(1994).
3
[4] Liu, Y., Tay, J., A Kinetic Model for Energy Spilling Associated Product Formation in Substrate-Sufficient Continuous Culture, J. Appl. Microbiol., 88, 663 (2000).
4
[5] Liu, Y., (2000). Effect of Chemical Uncouple on the Observed Growth Yield in Batch Culture of Activated Sludge, Water Res., 3, 2025 (2000).
5
[6] Liu, Y., Tay, J., Strategy for Minimization of Excess Sludge Production from the Activated Sludge Process, Biotech Adv., 2, 97 (2001).
6
[7] Liu, Y., Chemically Reduced Excess Sludge Production in the Activated Sludge Process, Chemosphere, 50, 7(2003).
7
[8] Rocher, M., Goma, G., Begue, AP., Louvel, L., Rols, JL., Towards a Reduction in Excess Sludge Production in Activated Sludge Processes, Biomass Physicochemical Treatment and Biodegradation, Appl. Microbial Biotech., 51, 883 (1999).
8
[9] Rocher, M., Roux, G., Goma, G., Begue, AP., Louvel, L., Rols, JL., Excess Sludge Reduction in Activated Sludge Processes by Integrating Biomass Alkaline Heat Treatment, Water Sci. Tech., 44, 437 (2001).
9
[10] Abbassi, B., Dullstein, S., Rabiger, N., Minimization of Excess Sludge Production by Increase of Oxygen Concentration in Activated Sludge, Wat. Res., 34, 20 (2000).
10
[11] Low, E., Chase, H., Reducing Production of Excess Biomass During Waste Water Treatment, Wat. Res., 5, 1119 (1999).
11
[12] Low, E., Chase, H., The Use of Chemical Uncouples for Reducing Biomass Production During Biodegradation, Water Sci. Tech., 7, 399 (1998).
12
[13] Low, W., Chase, H., Milner, M., Curtis, T., Uncoupling of Metabolism to Reduce Biomass Production in the Activated Sludge Process, Water Res., 34, 3204 (2000).
13
[14] Gallard, H., Von Gunten, U., Chlorination of Natural Organic Matter: Kinetics of Chlorination and of THM Formation, Water Res., 36, 65 (2002).
14
[15] Saby, S., Djafer, M., Chen, GH., Feasibility of Using a Chlorination Step to Reduce Excess Sludge in Activated Sludge Process, Water Res., 36, 656 (2002).
15
[16] Sabya, S., Djafera, M., HaoChenb, G., Effect of Low ORP in Anoxic Sludge Zone on Excess Sludge Production In OSA Activated Sludge Process, Water Res., 37, 11 (2003).
16
[17] Wunderlich, R., Barry, J., Greenwood, D., Startup of a High-Purity Oxygen Activated Sludge System at the Los Angeles Country Sanitation Districts,J. Wat. Poll. Control Fed., 57, 1012 (1985).
17
[18] Chen, G., Saby, S., New Approaches to Minimize Excess Sludge in Activated Sludge System,
18
Water Sci. Techno., 44 , 203 (2003).
19
[19] Park, Y.G.,. Impact of Ozonation on Biodegradation of Trihalomethanes in Biological Filtration System, J. Ind. Eng. Chem., 7, 349 (2001).
20
[20] Sakai, Y., Fukase, T., Yasui, H., Shibata, M., An Activated Sludge Process Without Excess Sludge Production, Water Sci. Tech., 36, 163 (1997).
21
[21] Wojtenko, I., Stinson, M.K., Field, R., Performance of Ozone as a Disinfectant for Combined Sewer Overflow, Critical Rev. Environ. Sci. Tech., 31, 295 (2001).
22
[22] Yasui, H., Nakamura, K., Sakuma, S., Iwasaki, M., Sakai, Y., A Full-Sale Operation of a Novel Activated Sludge Process Without Excess Sludge Production, Water Sci. Tech., 34, 395 (1996).
23
[23] Yasui, H., Shibata, M., An Innovative Approach to Reduce Excess Sludge Production in the Activated Sludge Process, 30, 11 (1994).
24
[24] Huang, X., Liang, P., Qian, Y., Excess Sludge Reduction Induced by Tubifex in a Recycle Sludge Reactor, J. of Biotechnology, 127, 443 (2007).
25
[25] Kamiya, T., Hirotsuji, J., New Combined System of Biological Process and Intermittent Ozonation for Advanced Wastewater Treatment, Water Sci., 38, 145 (1998).
26
[26] Liang, P., Huang, X., Qain, Y., Excess Sludge Reduction in Activated Sludge Process Through Predation of Aeolosoma Hemperichi, Chem. Eng. J., 28, 117 (2006).
27
[27] Liang, C., Huang, X., Qian, Y., Wei, Y., Ding, G., Determination and Comparison of Sludge Reduction Rates Caused by Microfaunas, Predation, Bioresource Tech., 97, 854 (2006).
28
[28] APHA; AWWA; WPCF, “Standard Method for the Examination of Water and Wastewater”, 22th Edition, APHA; NW Washington D.C (1995).
29
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Removal of Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPHs) from Oil-Polluted Soil in Iran
Phytoremediation is an emerging environmental-friendly technology that can be a promising solution to remediate oil-polluted soils. The impact of high amount of hydrocarbons on growth characteristics of burningbushand common flax was evaluated in this survey. The influence of organic fertilizers was also assessed on growth of plant species in oil-contaminated soil. Soil samples in which plants showed the best growth were analyzed for residual total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs) by GC-FID. Burningbush was employed for the first time in the history of phytoremediation of oil-polluted soils in this research. The two studied plant species demonstrated promising remediation efficiency in highly contaminated soil; however, petroleum hydrocarbon contamination depressed growth of surveyed plants significantly. Utilization of peat fertilizer improved plants’ growth parameters in highly oil-contaminated soil. Flax and burning bush reduced TPHs levels in contaminated soil by 87.63 and 65.29 percent, respectively, in comparison to initial concentration.
https://ijcce.ac.ir/article_6839_2aeb441530ffd1208b3567e9159c61b7.pdf
2009-12-01
105
113
10.30492/ijcce.2009.6839
Hydrocarbon-polluted soil
Burningbush
Flax
Phytoremediation
Ravanbakhsh
Shirdam
shirdamr@yahoo.fr
1
College of Environment, Karaj, I.R. IRAN
LEAD_AUTHOR
Ali
Daryabeigi Zand
2
Faculty of Environment, University of Tehran, Tehran, I.R. IRAN
AUTHOR
Gholamreza
Nabi bidhendi
3
Faculty of Environment, University of Tehran, Tehran, I.R. IRAN
AUTHOR
Nasser
Mehrdadi
4
Faculty of Environment, University of Tehran, Tehran, I.R. IRAN
AUTHOR
[1] Huang, X.D., El-Alawi, Y., Gurska, J., Glick, B.R., Greenberg, B.M., A Multi-Process Phytoremediation System for Decontamination of Persistent Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPHs) from Soils, Microchemical Journal, 81, 139 (2005).
1
[2] Karthikeyan, R., Bhandari, A., Anaerobic Bio-transformation of Aromatic and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Soil Microcosms: A Review, Journal of Hazardous Substances Research, 3, 1 (2001).
2
[3] Luepromchai, E., Lertthamrongsak, W., Pinphani-chakarn, P., Thaniyavarn, S., Pattaragulwanit, K., Juntongjin, K., Biodegradation of PAHs in Petroleum-Contaminated Soil using Tamarind Leaves as Microbial Inoculums, Songklanakarin Journal of Science and Technology, 29, 515 (2007).
3
[4] Parrish, Z.D., Banks, M.K., Schwab, A.B., Assessment of Contaminant Lability During Phyto-remediation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Impacted Soil, Environmental Pollution, 137, 187 (2005).
4
[5] Escalante-Espinosa, E., Gallegos-Martınez, M.E., Favela-Torres, E., Gutierrez-Rojas, M., Improve-ment of the Hydrocarbon Phytoremediation Rate by Cyperus laxus Lam. Inoculated with a Microbial Consortium in a Model System, Chemosphere, 59, 405 (2005).
5
[6] Huang, X.D., El-Alawi, Y., Penrose, D.M., Glick, B.R., Greenberg, B.M., A Multi-Process Phyto-remediation System for Removal of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons from Contaminated Soils, Environmental Pollution, 130, 465 (2004).
6
[7] Tesar, M., Reichenauer, T.G., Sessitsch, A., Bacterial Rhizosphere Populations of Black Poplar and Herbal Plants to be Used for Phytoremediation of Diesel Fuel, SoilBiology andBiochemistry, 34, 1883 (2002).
7
[8] Joner, E.J., Hirmann, D., Szolar, O.H.J., Todorovic, D., Leyval, C., Loibner, A.P., Priming Effects on PAH Degradation and Ecotoxicity During a Phytoremediation Experiment, Environmental Pollution, 128, 429 (2004).
8
[9] Adam, G., Duncan, H., Influence of Diesel Fuel on Seed Germination, Environmental Pollution, 120, 363 (2002).
9
[10] Tahooni, S., “Principles of Foundation Engineering”, Second Ed. Pars Aain Press, Tehran (2000).
10
[11] USDA, “Soil Survey Laboratory Methods Manual”, United States Department of Agriculture, USA (2004).
11
[12] ASTM, “Standard Test Method for Moisture, Ash and Organic Matter of Peat and Other Organic Soils”, ASTM D2974-00, (2000).
12
[13] Dewis, J., Freitas, H., “Physical and Chemical Methods of Soil and Water Analysis”, FAO Soil Bulletin 10, Oxford and IBH Publishing CO. PVTLTD. New Delhi (1984).
13
[14] USDA, “Soil Survey Manual, United States Department of Agriculture”, USA (1993).
14
[15] McCutcheon, S.C., Schnoor, J.L., Overview of Phytotransformation and Control of Wastes, I
15
n McCutcheon, S.C., Schnoor, J.L. (Eds.) “Phytoremediation: Transformation and Control of Contaminants” p. 1-58. John Wiley & Sons, New Jersey (2003).
16
[16] US EPA., Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Waste, Physical Chemical Methods, Environmental Protection Agency, WashingtonDC (1998).
17
[17] Chaineau, D.H., Morel, J.L., Oudot, J., Phytotoxicity and Plant Uptake of Fuel Oil Hydrocarbons,
18
Journal of Environmental Quality, 26, 1478 (1997).
19
[18] Li, X., Feng, Y., Sawatsky, N., Importance of Soil Water Relations in Assessing the Endpoint of Bioremediated Soils, Plant and Soil, 192, 219 (1997).
20
[19] Tejada, M., Gonzalez, J.L., Hernandez, M.T., Garcia, C., Application of Different Organic Amendments in a Gasoline Contaminated Soil: Effect on Soil Microbial Properties, Bioresource Technology, 99 (8), 2872 (2008).
21
[20] Banks, M.K., Kulakow, P., Schwab, A.P., Chen, Z., Rathbone, K., Degradation of Crude Oil in the Rhizosphere of Sorghum Bicolor, International Journal of Phytoremediation, 5, 225 (2003).
22